突发大客流在城市轨道交通网络中的传播机理

根据突发大客流在城市轨道交通车站的作业性质和特点,将城市轨道交通网络中的车站分为发生站、换乘站和中间站。在此基础上,通过站台候车区的乘客密度、到达列车的剩余载客能力、站台候车乘客数和乘客上车效率等因素,构建站台候车区乘客密度影响模型和列车运行延误时间模型,并总结出突发大客流在城市轨道交通网络中的传播机理。从车站服务水平和列车运行影响两个方面对突发大客流传播的影响因素及相应的调整措施进行分析。     

Optimal allocation of protective resources in urban rail transit networks against intentional attacks

This paper advances the field of network interdiction analysis by introducing an application to the urban rail transit network, deploying protective resources against intentional attacks. The resource allocation problem for urban rail transit systems is considered as a game between two players, the attacker interdicting certain rail stations to generate greatest disruption impact and the system defender fortifying the network to maximize the system’s robustness to external interdictions. This paper introduces a game-theoretic approach for enhancing urban transit networks’ robustness to intentional disruptions via optimally allocating protection resources. A tri-level defender–attacker–user game-theoretic model is developed to allocate protective resources among rail stations in the rail transit network. This paper is distinguished with previous studies in that more sophisticated interdiction behaviors by the attacker, such as coordinated attack on multiple locations and various attacking intensities, are specifically considered. Besides, a more complex multi-commodity network flow model is employed to model the commuter travel pattern in the degraded rail network after interdiction. An effective nested variable neighborhood search method is devised to obtain the solution to the game in an efficient manner. A case study based on the Singapore rail transit system and actual travel demand data is finally carried out to assess the protective resources’ effectiveness against intentional attacks.     

Modelling the impact of alternative fare structures on train overcrowding

The Strategic Rail Authority (SRA) provides the backbone to rail regulation in Great Britain. As part of its responsibilities, the SRA monitors overcrowding on trains which it measures in terms of the proportion of passengers on trains in excess of the seat capacity for longer distance services, and with an allowance for standing passengers on shorter journeys of less than 20 min. Overcrowding on Britain's railways fell during the early 1990s but has been on the increase since 1996 with particularly acute problems in the morning peak for services travelling to London. In a study conducted on behalf of the SRA we developed the PRAISE rail operations model to include penalties for overcrowding based upon journey purpose, journey time and degree of overcrowding. Using demand, fares and timetable information for an actual case study route, we examine how fares and ticketing restrictions can be set to manage demand throughout the day without significantly reducing the overall demand for rail travel.     

Optimizing the aerodynamic efficiency of intermodal freight trains

We develop an aerodynamic loading assignment model for intermodal freight trains based on an integer-programming framework to help terminal managers make up more fuel-efficient trains. This is the first use of optimization modeling to address the aerodynamics and energy efficiency of railroad intermodal trains. Several recommendations regarding railway equipment use, operations, and policy are proposed to improve fuel-efficiency and reduce emissions from intermodal transportation. Analysis of one major railroad intermodal route reveals the potential to reduce fuel consumption by 15 million gallons per year with corresponding savings of $28,000,000. Greater benefits are possible through broader implementation of the model.     

Demand-responsive transit circulator service network design

Commuter rail systems are being introduced into many urban areas as an alternative mode to automobiles for commuting trips. It is anticipated that the shift from the auto mode to rail mode can greatly help alleviate traffic congestion in urban road networks. However, the right-of-way of many existing commuter rail systems is usually not ideally located. Since the locations of rail systems were typically chosen long ago to serve the needs of freight customers, the majority of current commuter rail passengers have to take a non-walkable connecting trip to reach their final destinations after departing the most conveniently located rail stations. To make rail a more viable commuting option and thus more competitive to the auto mode, a bus feeder or circulator system is proposed for transporting passengers from their departing rail stations to final work destinations in a seamless transfer manner. The key research question with operating such a bus circulator system is how to optimally determine a bus route and stopping sequence for each circulating tour by using the real-time demand information. In this paper, we name this joint routing and stopping optimization problem the circulator service network design problem, the objective of which is to minimize the total tour cost incurred to bus passengers and operators with respect to minimizing the walk time of each individual bus passenger. A bi-level nonlinear mixed integer programming model is constructed and a tabu search method with different local search strategies and neighborhood evaluation methods is then developed for tackling the circulator service network design problem.     

市域铁路列车运行组织探讨

近年来,我国现有的城市轨道交通系统逐渐难以满足城区与市郊之间的出行需求,市域铁路成为城市群轨道交通发展的新方向,但我国尚缺乏成熟的市域铁路不同等级列车运行组织模式。在分析国内外市域铁路运行组织及不同等级列车开行现状基础上,提出市域铁路开行不同等级列车的运输组织优化方案,优化市域铁路列车等级设置原则、开行方案、换乘模式,以北京城市副中心线(良乡—乔庄东)为例,提出副中心线运行组织优化建议,为实现都市圈城市轨道交通一体化,促进中心城市与周边城市协调发展提供支撑。     

基于换乘协调的城市轨道交通列车开行方案优化

针对目前我国城市轨道交通列车开行方案对于线路之间的换乘协调问题考虑较少存在的问题,结合城市轨道交通旅客换乘的特点,构建换乘机理模型,并以车站换乘旅客平均等待时间最短作为目标函数,设计优化模型对列车开行方案进行优化。通过算例分析,说明优化效果较为明显,对于地铁等城市轨道交通运营有一定的参考价值。     

Planning and managing intermodal transportation of hazardous materials with capacity selection and congestion

The current literature in the rail–truck intermodal transportation of hazardous materials (hazmat) domain ignores congestion at intermodal yards. We attempt to close that gap by proposing a bi-objective optimization framework for managing hazmat freight that not only considers congestion at intermodal yards, but also determines the appropriate equipment capacity. The proposed framework, i.e., a non-linear MIP and a multi-objective genetic algorithm based solution methodology, is applied to a realistic size problem instance from existing literature. Our analysis indicates that terminal congestion risk is a significant portion of the network risk; and, that policies and tools involving number of cranes, shorter maximum waiting times, and tighter delivery times could have a positive bearing on risk.     

How rural is too rural for transit? Optimal transit subsidies and supply in rural areas

The optimal supply of rail and bus in low density areas is studied by calibrating a demand and supply model with three modes (car, bus and rail) to an existing low density corridor. Varying the length of the network, the frequencies and the size of the populations, allows to study the trade-off between the consumer surplus losses of the public transport users and the transit operation and maintenance costs savings. We find that for an existing rail network, the optimization of frequency is the prime source of welfare gains. The rail network is marginally beneficial in the sense that keeping the network is welfare improving as long as there is no major repair or replacement investment needed. When population in the smaller towns decreases strongly, it becomes welfare improving to close the existing rail network but a bus service remains beneficial for at least part of the network.     

Impacts of high speed rail on railroad network accessibility in China

High speed rail (HSR) is changing the overall travel accessibility of cities in China. There have been a number of studies of high speed rail in China. However, detailed spatiotemporal accessibility pattern of cities affected by the operation of high speed rail in China has not been reported. This study takes a timetable-based accessibility evaluation approach to analyze the changes in travel time, travel cost, and distance accessibility for each of the four main stages of HSR development in China: no HSR service in Stage 1 before August 2008, several HSR lines in Stage 2 between August 2008 and July 2011, reduced operating speed of HSR trains in Stage 3 between August 2011 and November 2012, and addition of new HSR lines and reduction of ticket fares in Stage 4 between December 2012 and January 2013. In addition to the “corridor effect” and the “center-diffusion” pattern, this paper investigates the impacts of HSR on changes in in-vehicle travel time and out-of-vehicle travel time with respect to the policy changes that reduced the operating speed of HSR trains, rearranged the train timetable, and lowered the ticket fare on HSR trains. The analysis results indicate the spatiotemporal pattern of Chinese cities affected by these policy changes. This study is useful for assessing HSR impacts on the accessibility of various cities across China as well as serving as a decision-making support to policies related to adjustments of HSR operation and planning of future HSR routes by considering the existing HSR and non-HSR railway lines.     

The impacts on freight train operational performance of new rail infrastructure to segregate passenger and freight traffic

Rail freight has an important role to play in improving the resource efficiency and sustainability of freight transport within the supply chain. The British rail network has seen considerable growth of both freight and passenger activity in the last 20 years, leading to concerns about its capacity to absorb continued growth. A number of infrastructure initiatives focused on increasing capacity and reducing conflicts have been implemented. This includes the North Doncaster Chord, opened in June 2014 primarily to provide a more direct route from the port of Immingham to the major Aire Valley power stations (i.e. Drax, Eggborough and Ferrybridge).The paper analyses the freight impacts of the new chord, focusing on three key operational measures (i.e. train routing, scheduled journey times and train punctuality) during 10-week survey periods before and after the opening of the chord. The analysis is based on real-time data relating to coal and biomass trains operating between Immingham and the three power stations. This is a novel approach as the data have been made publicly available only recently, allowing a detailed investigation of the flows on this corridor at a highly disaggregated level. The use of this empirical method to assess the detailed rail freight operational impacts is an important element in the process of evaluating the effects of network enhancement. The results demonstrate improvements in each of the three operational measures, but also reveal a situation considerably more complex than that suggested by the published material relating to the justification for this new infrastructure.     

Rail access charges and the competitiveness of high speed trains

This paper examines rail access charges for high speed trains on new high speed lines in Europe and the impact these have on the market position of high speed rail. It examines the latest evidence on the marginal infrastructure and external costs of high speed rail, finding that the best evidence is that these are both not more than 2 €/train-km. However, current legislation states that environmental costs should not be charged for unless they are charged for on competing modes. Mark ups based on Ramsey pricing principles might reasonably raise prices by 100–200%, given that infrastructure charges are only a part of the final price of rail. The paper then examines the actual prices charged in the main European countries operating high speed trains and the impact these are likely to have on traffic levels and mode split. It is found that mark ups often exceed even the optimal Ramsey levels, with a significant impact on rail volumes and market share. It is concluded that, whilst it is not surprising that governments wish to recover some of the construction costs of new high speed rail lines from users, they should consider carefully whether the level of charges is actually significantly reducing traffic on and benefits from these lines.     

Forecasting and appraising the impact of a regular interval timetable

The timetable is the prime and essential feature of the service offered to potential travellers by public transport. The Taktfahrplan concept is based on trains leaving stations at the same time past the hour throughout the operational day. The objective is to provide an attractive rail service, memorable and easy to market, with well-planned connections. This paper presents an appraisal of the introduction of a Taktfahrplan timetable onto the UK's East Coast Main Line rail route. We find positive changes for user and non-user benefits and revenue on London and non-London based flows.     

城市轨道交通大小交路结合快慢车开行方案优化

城市轨道交通线路可以实行大小交路的开行模式,以克服断面客流不均衡导致的能力浪费,而这种模式使长距离乘客的出行时间增加,可以在列车开行大小交路的基础上考虑开行快慢车。以乘客出行成本与企业运营成本最小为目标,考虑列车停站时间与客流需求的关系,将停站时间纳入乘客出行成本,建立双目标非线性整数优化模型,求解乘客与运营企业的成本博弈均衡点。通过算例验证模型的有效性,结果表明,相对于大小交路嵌套的运营模式,实行“大小交路+快慢车”的运营模式可以有效降低乘客出行成本与企业运营成本。     

The impacts of high-speed trains on British economic geography: a study of the UK’s InterCity 125/225 and its effects

The arrival of high-speed trains (HSTs) leads to unprecedented time-space effects, potentially assisting face-to-face contacts in knowledge-generating process, yet its wider spatial-economic impacts are still open to debate. This research attempts to fill in this gap with empirical evidence by studying the inter-regional impacts of upgraded British InterCity 125/225 on British economic geography over 30 years. The six study routes of London-outbound trains serving major railways stations in 26 local authorities were selected as units of analysis, with the observation of differential effects both between HSTs and non-HSTs towns and among each group of towns, to understand time-space effects of InterCity 125/225 whose potential impacts on local economic strength and knowledge intensive development. The key findings suggest that the differential HST effects on British economic geography could be classified into three influential zones, namely 1-h, 2-h, and over-2-h towns. HST has had substantial and demonstrable effects in aiding this transition within a 2-h travel limit of London, thus helping to generate renewed economic growth, but that the effects have not been automatic or universal. Regarding future British HST policy, the implications arising from this study is that cities connected to a new HST could seize opportunities which non-HST cities will not be able to do so, but this is not a zero-sum situation. Instead, it involves a national strategy to develop a hierarchical network with HST between London and key regional hubs, well integrated at these hubs with intra-regional transport systems. This indicates a strong case for a finer-grained and deeper probing analysis at an intra-regional level of the potential for rail improvement as an agent of change in city-region development. We hope to report further on this in a subsequent paper.     

Deregulation and reform of rail in Australia: Some emerging constraints

The Australian Government over the last two decades has embarked on an intensive microeconomic reform program. Associated with this has been the deregulation of the rail sector. The mechanism of deregulation has been by vertically separating the below and above rail infrastructure and the creation of a number of rail access regimes. Evidence is emerging which indicates that the mechanism of deregulation is an impediment to the development of an integrated national network, the objective of deregulation and rail reform. This paper will discuss the mechanism of deregulation in Australia within the context of developments overseas. In particular it will discuss the development of a number of state specific rail access regimes and raise some problems and constraints being encountered in the reform process. The paper adds to a growing body of knowledge relating to infrastructure reform and deregulation and highlights some major constraints embedded in the model. The concluding section will discuss the relevance of past and current reform of Australian policies to rail policy makers outside Australia.     

轨道交通系统票务清分算法的研究

随着城市轨道交通的不断发展，同一轨道交通网络中的线路将会由不同的运营商来经营，运营商之间收益的合理分配是城市轨道交通亟待解决的问题。在对实现轨道交通票务清分算法进行分析的基础上，提出有效路径算法。通过计算出OD问的有效路径和不同运营商的线路比例，对收益进行分配，并用清分算例进行实际应用说明。     

基于演化博弈的高铁快运物流基地经营模式选择策略研究

高铁快运动车组是铁路与航空、公路在快运物流市场竞争中的优势装备之一,需要依托专用高铁快运物流基地进行作业组织。为推动高铁快运规模化、批量化发展,促进形成快运物流干线运输供给新业态,完善支撑高铁快运动车组成网运行的节点网络建设,结合高铁快运物流基地功能定位特征及多元化投资主体,提出高铁快运物流基地独立经营模式和联合经营模式,比较分析两者的优劣势,通过构建演化博弈模型分析高铁快运物流基地经营模式选择的内在动态决策机理,应用算例分析验证模型的有效性,为高铁快运物流基地经营模式选择提供决策参考。     

Topological evolution of a metropolitan rail transport network: The case of Stockholm

The structure of transport networks is the outcome of a large number of infrastructure investment decisions taken over a long time span. Network indicators are widely used for characterizing transport network topology and its performance as well as provide insights on possible developments. Little is known however on how rail bound public transport networks and their network indicators have evolved into their current form. This study conducts a longitudinal analysis of the topological evolution of a multimodal rail network by investigating the dynamics of its topology for the case of Stockholm in 1950–2025. The starting year marks the opening of the metro system while the end year is set to mark the completion of the current development plan. Based on a compilation of network topology and service properties, a year-on-year analysis of changes in global network efficiency and directness as well as local nodal centrality were conducted. Changes in network topology exhibit smooth long-term technological and spatial trends as well as the signature of top-down planning interventions. Stockholm rail network evolution is characterized by contraction and stagnation periods followed by network extensions and is currently undergoing a considerable densification, marking a shift from peripheral attachment to preferential attachment.     

城际列车对新疆旅游经济影响研究

新疆日趋完善的城际列车网络是提升旅游经济发展的重要保障。选取2010—2019年新疆14个地州市统计数据,结合引力模型和DID模型探究城际列车对新疆旅游经济发展的影响效应。研究表明,城际列车开通极大压缩地州市间的时间距离,新疆旅游经济联系网络逐渐紧密,旅游经济综合质量快速增长,空间极化特征缓慢减弱。受天山山脉阻隔效应影响,新疆旅游经济格局存在非均衡性,各地州市间旅游经济互动趋于频繁,但仍呈现出北强南弱的空间格局,南疆是新疆旅游经济的短板。基于DID模型分析,城际列车开通有效助推新疆旅游经济增长,显著提高人均旅游收入水平,经济发展水平、服务发展水平和旅游资源丰度,是促进新疆旅游经济发展的重要因素。