信息化对现代物流业发展的促进作用

一、现代物流体系的评价。现代物流系统决不是单一因素或少数几个要素所能构成，更不是在传统意义上所理解的物流设备、仓库和货车可以决定，相反，它要求一系列子系统为之配合，这些子系统相互作用、相互影响，共同产生效应，在效能集成的基础上形成一个完整的物流体系。这些子系统至少应包括以下几方面。     

物流企业竞争优势及竞争力体系的构建

建立了由物流企业、竞争对手、客户企业及关联资源供应商构成的“多层复合战略三角形”模型；提出物流企业应在提升企业资源整合能力、全程动态监控能力和物流方案设计能力等方面确立相对优势：指出应将企业竞争力与物流要素资源、企业能力等与组织文化、技术、制度、机制等有机结合起来，形成物流企业核心竞争力以维持长久的竞争优势。     

加快储动业向现代物流转化的步伐

结合储运企业的情况，分析了由传统储运业向现代物流转化的不利因素和有利因素，阐述了储运企业向现代物流企业转化进程中应实施的步骤与方法。     

山东省现代物流工作座谈会在青岛召开

9月25—26日，山东省现代物流工作座谈会在青岛市黄岛区隆重召开。这是一次由山东省政府组织召开的非常重要的物流专题会议。会议专题研究交通运输企业如何通过深化改革，整合资源，加快向现代物流企业转变，推动山东省现代物流业更快更好地发展。     

企业提高物流能力的路径及外包战略

从基于资源的角度对影响企业物流能力的要素及相互之间的关系进行了分析,并将一般企业按要素能力和运作能力的高、低组合划分成四种类型,认为两种能力都低的企业应该先提高运作能力、再提高要素能力。最后,分析了不同物流能力企业的外包战略和影响企业物流外包决策的主要因素。     

改善生产物流管理提高企业管理水平

现代制造企业存在物物、资金、人力、信息四种资源的流动。“社会财富”是物品在被加工过程中生产创造出来的．只有物品的不断流动才能够使人力、资金，信息资源发挥作用．所以物流决定着其他三个资源流的运动，是企业科学管理的关键环节。加强生产物流的管理，必将推动企业科学管理的发展．为发展现代工业化奠定基础。     

企业的物流战略及其模式选择探析

在现代社会，任何企业要生产就必须有物资资源的支撑，也就有物流。物流是热门话题，也是国内外发展的重点和许多企业竞争的焦点。在专业化日益盛行的今天，任何企业都不可能完全靠自身的实力来发展。为了使得企业的正常运作，需要制定自身的物流战略，战略的不同导致其模式的差别，物流的战略往往决定了物流模式的选择。     

基于资源集成的综合性物流企业信息系统构建研究

从综合物流企业资源的优化配置、高效利用的角度出发，考虑系统实施的支撑要素，将物流企业的各种资源与企业信息系统进行整合优化，构建了物流信息系统的整体框架和物流企业开放式集成再造模型，并对模型的功能进行了理论分析和阐述。     

北京市食品冷链物流现状分析

北京是典型的消费型城市，食品需求量大，食品安全问题备受关注，冷链物流是保障食品安全的重要手段。在发放并回收了51份调研表和现场调研其中规模较大的30家企业的基础上，分别从冷链物流资源要素现状和冷链企业现状两方面作了具体分析，其中资源要素涉及仓储、运输、信息系统和人力资源四点，冷链企业方面涉及到企业的冷库、冷藏车、信息系统、认证情况和人力资源五点，最后给出相应建议。     

政策快递

现代物流工作重点企业联系制度建立国家经贸委决定建立现代物流工作重点企业联系制度，以加强政府与企业的沟通与联系，及时了解掌握物流发展中存在的问题，以便政府部门协调解决，为企业发展现代物流创造良好的环境。国家经贸委日前发出《关于建立现代物流工作重点企业联系制度的通知》，确定了34家企业为现代物流工作重点联系企业，并且实行动态管理。国家经贸委将会同有关部门及时研究解决联系企业所反映的一些共性问题，并定期组织联系企业进行交流，促进我国现代物流业的快速健康发展。(上海)今年国债技改贴息将对各所有制一视同仁国家…     

Data Envelopment Analysis with Reverse Inputs and Outputs

Data envelopment analysis (DEA) assumes that inputs and outputs are measured on scales in which larger numerical values correspond to greater consumption of inputs and greater production of outputs. We present a class of DEA problems in which one or more of the inputs or outputs are naturally measured on scales in which higher numerical values represent lower input consumption or lower output production. We refer to such quantities as reverse inputs and reverse outputs. We propose to incorporate reverse inputs and outputs into a DEA model by returning to the basic principles that lead to the DEA model formulation. We compare our method to reverse scoring, the most commonly used approach, and demonstrate the relative advantages of our proposed technique. We use this concept to analyze all 30 Major League Baseball (MLB) organizations during the 1999 regular season to determine their on-field and front office relative efficiencies. Our on-field DEA model employs one output and two symmetrically defined inputs, one to measure offense and one to measure defense. The defensive measure is such that larger values correspond to worse defensive performance, rather than better, and hence is a reverse input. The front office model uses one input. Its outputs, one of which is a reverse output, are the inputs to the on-field model. We discuss the organizational implications of our results.     

Duality and continuity

This paper fills the one remaining lacuna in (multiple-output) duality theory by provingjoint continuity (in input and output vectors) of cost, benefit, and (input and output) distance functions. Continuity is an important property where measurement error exists, for it provides assurance that small errors of measurement (of quantities or prices) result only in small errors in concepts like minimal cost. We consider continuity not only in prices and quantities, but also in technologies. Continuity in technologies might be more important than continjity in prices or quantities, because production technologies are almost certainly measured (or estimated) with error.     

Price Discrimination in Input–Output

Modern economies are characterized by a great variety of pricing rules. Therefore, the commodities' prices and the primay factors' prices are discriminated in reality. However, in practical input–output tables, as well as in theoy, the prices are uniform and relative. In this work, an input–output model is described with absolute and different prices for final uses commodities and production's primay factors (wages, profits, etc.). In this case, the economic relationships are based on the commodities' demand curves for all the categories of final uses, and the factors' supply curves for all production's branches. In this way, we can establish the linkage and the feedback between factors' prices and quantities, and final uses commodities' prices and quantities. This is obtained by a novel interpretation of input–output, which approximates reality better.     

Location and the theory of production: A review,summary and critique of recent contributions

This paper has two main objectives. First, a generalized version of the Moses-type production- location model is developed where both the input variables and the location variables are allowed to adjust simultaneously. Secondly, the results of the recent articles relating to the Moses framework are discussed in the context of our generalized structure. We conclude that - unless one is willing to assume either the transport rate of output is zero or the location is constrained to be on the Moses arc - if transport rates do not depend on quantities shipped then location is independent of output when the production function is homogeneous of degree one. If transport rates depend on quantities shipped (e.g. quantity discounts), then a production function which is linearly homogeneous is not sufficient to insure that location is independent of output unless the transport rate functions have constant elasticities.     

Centralized Resource Allocation Using Data Envelopment Analysis

While conventional DEA models set targets separately for each DMU, in this paper we consider that there is a centralized decision maker (DM) who “owns” or supervises all the operating units. In such intraorganizational scenario the DM has an interest in maximizing the efficiency of individual units at the same time that total input consumption is minimized or total output production is maximized. Two new DEA models are presented for such resource allocation. One type of model seeks radial reductions of the total consumption of every input while the other type seeks separate reductions for each input according to a preference structure. In both cases, total output production is guaranteed not to decrease. The two key features of the proposed models are their simplicity and the fact that both of them project all DMUs onto the efficient frontier. The dual formulation shows that optimizing total input consumption and output production is equivalent to finding weights that maximize the relative efficiency of a virtual DMU with average inputs and outputs. A graphical interpretation as well as numerical results of the proposed models are presented.     

Structural Change in Apartheid-era South Africa: 1975-93

This paper examines the sources of structural changes in output growth of South Africa's economy over 1975-93 using a decomposition method within the inputoutput (IO) framework for analysing output changes from a demand side perspective. It decomposes output growth into private consumption, government consumption, investment and export components and also measures the impact of import substitution and changes in intermediate input use (as indicated by changes in IO coefficients). It is found that, before 1981, overall output growth was multi-components driven with all the above components contributing positively to economic growth. However, the collapse of investment demand is by far the single largest factor contributing to the economic stagnation that categorizes the post-1981 period.     

Technical Change in the Private Consumption Converter

The analysis of technological change is centered on the study of the evolution of technical coefficients in the input–output table. Complementary to this analysis, the household consumption expenditure matrix, relating consumption by commodities to consumption by purpose or by function, also incorporates some other aspects of technological change. Thus, the evolution in time of the coefficients of this consumption expenditure matrix will portray technological processes, implying substitutions between commodities to satisfy the different functions The substitution between consumption expenditure by functions is also to be taken into consideration, because it can influence, together with technological change, the use of commodities in the final demand. For Switzerland, a 1980–89 time series of household consumption expenditure matrices with 37 commodities and 58 functional consumption categories has been estimated using data from consumer expenditure surveys. In this paper, instruments generally applied to the analysis of changes in input–output technical coefficients are extended to these matrices, including methods that deal with biproportional processes of substitution.     

COMPLEMENTARITY IN INPUT–OUTPUT ANALYSIS AND STOCHASTICS

The complementarity between the quantity and value systems of input–output analysis is shown to be the basis of the complementarity problem approach to computable general equilibrium. The numerical superiority of the latter to the linear programming approach facilitates stochastic analysis of input–output scenarios. For the example where Kyoto targets are underachieved to uncertain degrees, confidence intervals are derived for the associated consumption reductions.     

基于DEA数据包络分析的建筑业企业效率评价

追求高效率是经济活动的重要因素,作为大投入大产出的建筑业生产更应该如此,但如今我国建筑业企业更多的是专注于提高业绩却很少注意到生产资料是否被合理利用。文章将DEA数据包络分析方法及其模型应用到建筑业企业的效率评价中来,为建筑业企业的效率评价提供新的思路。     

Non-maximizing output behavior for firms with a cost-constrained technology

In many public service industries, firms are constrained by a cost (budget) and characterized by non-maximizing output behavior, due to bureaucratic behavior, for instance. This paper proposes a model based on the assumption that firms with a cost constraint do not maximize service levels due to resource preferences. It derives the exact relationships between services delivered, (shadow) input prices, cost constraints, and optimal input quantities. From these relationships, allocative efficiencies, technical efficiencies, output ray elasticities, and marginal cost can easily be derived.