我国结构性失业的类型与对策

结构性失业逐渐成为我国失业问题的主要方面,研究结构性失业的类型有助于更好地解决我国的失业问题。我国结构性失业大体可以分为市场型结构性失业、制度型结构性失业和观念型结构性失业,前者又分为供给滞后型结构性失业、需求变动型结构性失业和机制不灵型结构性失业。根据不同的结构性失业类型,应采用有针对性的解决对策。     

Economic grounds for affirmative action: The evidence on architects and engineers in South Florida

Using data developed for, and presented to, the US District Court, this study evaluates the performance of women-, African-American-, and Hispanic-owned firms vis-à-vis firms owned by neither women nor minorities in three different South Florida markets: architecture, structural engineering, and civil engineering. After controlling for the influence of experience, size, and location, three of the most commonly used determinants of firms' earnings, the empirical results suggest that the three markets do not convert firms' characteristics into economic outcomes in the same manner for women and Hispanic owners as for owners who are neither women nor minorities.     

Layoffs,recalls and unemployment duration: evidence from Sweden

The question addressed in this paper is whether the possibility of exit from unemployment to the previous employer affects the duration of unemployment spells in Sweden. The empirical analysis is performed using an employee–employer dataset that includes a number of enterprise characteristics and provides information on individual tenure. The econometric approach employs estimation of a competing risk duration model to distinguish between exits to the previous employer and exits to a new job. The findings suggest that greater tenure raises the risk of transition to the previous employer, while high education levels increase the risk of obtaining a new job. Moreover, the impact of benefit exhaustion is observed only for transitions to new employment.     

工人离职、失业波动与失业保险文献评述

失业不仅涉及失业波动的影响,还包括在职工人的离队。为减少工人搜寻过程中产生的负外部性,应降低工人的信息成本。失业保险政策的实施又降低了失业工人再就业的激励性,应确立有效的失业保险水平,实现产出与社会福利的最大化。     

知识失业--一个不容忽视的现象

随着我国高校扩招，知识失业现象在我国劳动力就业市场上正在浮现出来。这种现象的出现既与转轨时期特定的制度背景有关，又有社会有效需求不足的宏观经济矛盾和知识劳动供求总量与结构缺陷等方面的原因。     

Racial/ethnic match and student–teacher relationships

This paper explores the role of teacher race/ethnicity in the teacher-perceived relationships with kindergarten and early elementary school students. Employing a model with both student and teacher fixed effects, we discover a positive link between the racial/ethnic match and the teacher-reported relationships with students. Specifically, minority students tend to have closer relationships with their teachers when they are taught by a minority teacher. Our analyses also provide suggestive evidence that the effects on the teacher–student relationships could not be driven by differential racial discrimination between white and minority teachers. Particularly, white and minority teachers are not differentially biased in judging their relationships with minority students, implying that the source of the racial/ethnic interaction effects is likely to come from the role modeling of behaviors. Given the importance of the relationships between young children and nonparental adults in their early stages of life, these findings have crucial policy implications.     

Re-employment probabilities of unemployment benefit recipients

This article studies transitions out of unemployment for benefit recipients in Spain. We analyse the duration of unemployment, distinguishing between spells that end in recall (workers returning to the previous employer) and spells that end in exit to a new job. This distinction allows us to find that the recall hazard rate increases around the time of exhaustion of benefits. However, this happens only for workers receiving Unemployment Insurance (UI). Because we are unable to replicate this result for workers receiving Unemployment Assistance (UA), we believe the finding lends support to the hypothesis that in Spain firms and workers make a strategic use of UI.     

农业隐蔽失业模型的构建及其意义——基于劳动力数量和劳动时间双重的视角

基于劳动力数量和劳动时间双重视角构建隐蔽失业模型,分析农业劳动生产率和产出变化对各种隐蔽失业结构和数量产生的影响。结果显示:模型得出的结论与刘易斯理论一致,而与舒尔茨理论相反,政府可据此制定相关政策。     

1990年以来我国城镇真实失业率有多高?

我国政府一直没有公布城镇的真实失业率,而学者的估计往往在统计口径上不一致,方法上也还存在一定的缺陷。利用第五次人口普查资料,作了定量比较。以现有资料推算我国真实的失业率,失业人数调整法比失业率调整法更为科学,并通过线性回归法得到调节系数。我国目前城镇的真实失业率为8.8%,失业人员总量低幅增长,失业率已持续下降。     

The Ethnic Employment and Income Gap in Sweden: Is Skill or Labor Market Discrimination the Explanation?*

This study uses a cognitive test score, the Swedish Military Enlistment test taken at age 18, to identify whether the ethnic employment and income gap in Sweden is caused by a pre‐market skill gap and/or ethnic discrimination. The employment gap and income gap are estimated for males born in Sweden with different ethnic backgrounds: their parents were born in Sweden or in southern Europe or outside Europe. Controlling for the cognitive test score does not affect the ethnic employment gap, and for incomes the ethnic income gap almost disappears.     

我国失业统计改革研究

随着经济体制改革的深化,失业已成为我国一种普遍现象,并对经济、社会乃至政治产生深远的影响.然而,我国失业统计尚不健全,无法准确、及时地反映失业状况,因而不能准确、及时地反映国民经济的运行状况,不能为宏观调控和就业政策的制订提供依据.因此,有必要根据新的形势,从失业统计的最终目的及任务出发,立足国情,同时借鉴国际标准,完善我国的失业统计制度.     

Revisiting the Okun relationship

Our article revisits the Okun relationship between observed unemployment rates and output gaps. We include in the relationship the effect of labour market institutions as well as age and gender effects. Our empirical analysis is based on 20 OECD countries over the period 1985–2013. We find that the share of temporary workers (which includes a high and rising share of young workers) played a crucial role in explaining changes in the Okun coefficient (the impact of the output gap on the unemployment rate) over time. The Okun coefficient is not only different for young, prime-age and older workers but also it decreases with age. From a policy perspective, it follows that an increase in economic growth will not only have the desired outcome of reducing the overall unemployment rate but it will also have the distributional effect of lowering youth unemployment.     

UNEMPLOYMENT POLICIES IN AN ECONOMY WITH ADVERSE SELECTION

This paper studies the effects of unemployment policies in a simple static general equilibrium model with adverse selection in the labour market. Firms offer a contract that induces the self‐selection of workers. In equilibrium, all unskilled workers are screened out and some skilled workers are rationed out. It is shown that the provision of unemployment insurance raises involuntary unemployment by encouraging adverse selection, while unemployment assistance – or subsidy to unemployment – reduces involuntary unemployment. A simple efficiency wage model is also presented to show that either of the two policies reduces employment by taxing effort and subsidizing shirking. The key is whether the social role of unemployment is a sorting device or a worker discipline device.     

How Many Jobs Must We Provide for a Balanced Postwar Economy

This study investigates how unemployment and income influence the length of time an individual remains in good health. This is a complex relationship since unemployment or low income deteriorates health but poor health can become a barrier to obtaining higher income or gaining re-employment. Data are from the British Household Panel Survey, using two measures of physical health: an index of mobility problems and a measure of self-assessed health. The results show that unemployment, low income and poor education adversely affect the time that people remain in good health. These results have important implications for public policy, particularly in an age of austerity when social protection mechanisms are under threat. In fact, the results suggest that to improve health and reduce health inequality, more investment needs to be directed at policies that enhance labour force participation, improve education and reduce income inequality.     

Efficiency wages, employment, and the marginal income-tax rate: A note

In the framework of an efficiency-wage model, Hoel [Journal of Economics (1990) 51: 89–99] argues that a reduction in the marginal income-tax rate reduces employment. The present note shows that this result depends on how the tax reform is assumed to change the burden per worker. If the tax payment per worker is held constant, it cannot be ruled out that a lower marginal tax rate leads to an increase in employment.     

Women's unemployment during transition Evidence from Czech and Slovak micro-data

We analyse women’s weekly probabilities of leaving unemployment in the Czech and Slovak Republics (CR and SR) in order to investigate three questions: 1) Why are unemployment rates much lower in the CR than the SR?; 2) Does the unemployment compensation scheme (UCS) substantially lengthen unemploy-mentspells?; and 3) Why are women’s unemployment rates higher than men’s? We find that differences in the behaviour of the individuals, employers and institutions in the SR and CR (as measured by differences in coefficients) play a larger role in determining the CR’s shorter female unemployment spells than do differences in measured demand and demographic variables. The UCS has only a moderate effect on duration and its impact is greater in the CR. The differences between men’s and women’s spells (in each republic) are explained more by differences in coefficients than by differences in observed characteristics. JEL classification: C41, H53, J23, J64, O15, P2.