On the structure of Pareto optimal cake partitions

We study Pareto optimal partitions of a “cake” among n players. Each player uses a countably additive non-atomic probability measure to evaluate the size of pieces of cake. We present two geometric pictures appropriate for this study and consider the connection between these pictures and the maximization of convex combinations of measures, which we studied in Barbanel and Zwicker [Barbanel, J.B., Zwicker, W., 1997. Two applications of a theorem of Dvoretsky, Wald, and Wolfovitz to cake division. Theory and Decision 43, 203–207].     

基于Pareto遗传算法的仓库箱装军用物资垛位优化

垛位是否合理是影响后方仓库中箱装军用物资供应保障能力的一个重要因素。首先根据后方仓库中箱装军用物资堆垛优化原则和储存策略,建立了基于收发频率和同一性原则的多目标优化模型—箱装军用物资垛位优化数学模型;然后通过分析模型,提出采用Pareto遗传算法对垛位优化问题进行了求解,并给出求解的详细步骤;最后选用一个实例进行了应用,证明了该模型的合理性和算法的有效性。     

Endowment redistribution and Pareto improvements in GEI economies

With incomplete markets and numeraire assets, there are open sets of economies such that their equilibrium allocations can be improved upon by a reallocation of period zero endowments. This strengthens the classical results on constrained Pareto inefficiency of equilibria in GEI.     

QC方法——特性要因图、巴雷托图和层别法的运用

经济的全球化发展推动了现代制造企业质量管理体系的建立和不断完善。虽然中国制造企业已经开展质量管理并获得了有益的经验,然而,目前我国制造企业质量管理仍存在很大不足。结合实际,重点阐述了如何运用QC方法特性要因图(鱼骨图)、巴雷托图和层别法历来改善企业生产过程中出现的质量问题,从而提高产品品质、降低产品的生产成本。     

Universal Pareto dominance and welfare for plausible utility functions

We study Pareto efficiency in a setting that involves two kinds of uncertainty: Uncertainty over the possible outcomes is modeled using lotteries whereas uncertainty over the agents’ preferences over lotteries is modeled using sets of plausible utility functions. A lottery is universally Pareto undominated if there is no other lottery that Pareto dominates it for all plausible utility functions. We show that, under fairly general conditions, a lottery is universally Pareto undominated iff it is Pareto efficient for some vector of plausible utility functions, which in turn is equivalent to affine welfare maximization for this vector. In contrast to previous work on linear utility functions, we use the significantly more general framework of skew-symmetric bilinear (SSB) utility functions as introduced by Fishburn (1982). Our main theorem generalizes a theorem by Carroll (2010) and implies the ordinal efficiency welfare theorem. We discuss three natural classes of plausible utility functions, which lead to three notions of ordinal efficiency, including stochastic dominance efficiency, and conclude with a detailed investigation of the geometric and computational properties of these notions.     

Characterizations of the Pareto and related distributions

In this note, a class of Pareto distributions is characterized based on the Shannon entropy of k-record statistics. As a consequence of that characterizations of the uniform and exponential distributions are given. Received: October 1999     

Fair and square: Cake-cutting in two dimensions

We consider the classic problem of fairly dividing a heterogeneous good (“cake”) among several agents with different valuations. Classic cake-cutting procedures either allocate each agent a collection of disconnected pieces, or assume that the cake is a one-dimensional interval. In practice, however, the two-dimensional shape of the allotted pieces is important. In particular, when building a house or designing an advertisement in printed or electronic media, squares are more usable than long and narrow rectangles. We thus introduce and study the problem of fair two-dimensional division wherein the allotted pieces must be of some restricted two-dimensional geometric shape(s), particularly squares and fat rectangles. Adding such geometric constraints re-opens most questions and challenges related to cake-cutting. Indeed, even the most elementary fairness criterion–proportionality–can no longer be guaranteed. In this paper we thus examine the level of proportionality that can be guaranteed, providing both impossibility results and constructive division procedures.     

我国城市规模分布Pareto指数测算及影响因素分析

本文用OLS方法测算我国各省、三大区域以及全国的城市人口规模分布和经济规模分布Pareto指数(1997年、2000年和2003年),对Pareto指数进行跨区域和跨时间的对比分析,并实证分析我国城市规模分布的影响因素。分析表明,我国的城市规模分布显著地服从Pareto分布,并具有明显的结构性特征。工业化、产业结构以及运输能力对城市人口规模分布具有显著影响,而工业化和运输能力则是影响城市经济规模分布的重要因素。     

次优和非最优的一般分析:方法的创新

本文运用理性预期思想和随机等价方法开拓性地研究了资源配置的效率,包括帕累托最优（无约束帕累托最优和有约束帕累托最优）和非帕累托最优。基本结论是,一个资源配置中所有商品价格波动的总方差等于零等价于在二阶条件具备下其处于帕累托最优状态,也等价于资源配置满足无约束条件下的怕累托最优条件或有约束条件下的帕累托次优条件;而总方差大于零等价于资源配置处于非帕累托最优状态;总方差与资源配置中期望价格的比值越小,则这个配置的效率越高,反之,则越低。最后,设计了一个“信息逐步披露的预期帕累托改进”模型,讨论了非帕累托最优配置的改进途径及其政策含义。     

股权分置改革与公司治理结构的完善

随着我国经济转型和资本市场的蓬勃发展,公司治理的重要性日益凸显。合理的上市公司治理结构将在很大程度上保证我国证券市场和整体经济的健康发展。文章探讨了股权分置的由来以及股权分置改革的历程,介绍了公司治理的相关理论,重点阐述了股改对完善公司治理的重要意义。     

国际分工格局下的中国制造业与外资引入

文章首先概述了中国制造业的发展特征,在中国制造业日益纳入国际分工的格局下,对制造业的比较优势进行了实证分析,在此基础上明确分析了中国制造业"世界制造中心"的定位和国际竞争力,最后阐述了制造业在对外开放中外资引入的选择性吸收策略。     

行政区划调整与城市发展变化——以1990年-2005年时间段为例

行政区划是我国城市布局和建设的重要手段.建国以来,在关于市制建设的行政区划调整模式上,我国先后经历了"切块设市"、"整县改市"、"地市合并"以及"撤县(镇)设区"等,不同模式的行政区划调整.这直接导致了我国城市面积的不断扩大和城市人口的逐年增加.从行政区划调整的角度出发.基于对相关城市统计数据的分析.研究了1990年以来,行政区划调整对我国地级市和直辖市的数量、面积和人口的影响,试图发现行政区划调整在我国城市发展和城市化进程中所起的作用.     

城市居住空间分异与住区规划应对策略

针对当前我国大城市开始出现的不同收入阶层居住空间分异的趋势 ,从理论上分析了居住空间分异现象产生的机制 ,并对这一现象引发的社会效果进行了分析 ,从城市住区规划的角度提出了若干应对策略     

Record values from generalized Pareto distribution and associated inference

In this paper, we derive exact explicit expressions for the single, double, triple and quadruple moments of the upper record values from a generalized Pareto distribution. We then use these expressions to compute the mean, variance, and the coefficients of skewness and kurtosis of certain linear functions of record values. Finally, we develop approximate confidence intervals for the location and scale parameters of the generalized Pareto distribution using the Edgeworth approximation and compare them with the intervals constructed through Monte Carlo simulations. Received: June 1999     

The composite iteration algorithm for finding efficient and financially fair risk-sharing rules

We consider the problem of finding an efficient and fair ex-ante rule for division of an uncertain monetary outcome among a finite number of von Neumann–Morgenstern agents. Efficiency is understood here, as usual, in the sense of Pareto efficiency subject to the feasibility constraint. Fairness is defined as financial fairness with respect to a predetermined pricing functional. We show that efficient and financially fair allocation rules are in one-to-one correspondence with positive eigenvectors of a nonlinear homogeneous and monotone mapping associated to the risk sharing problem. We establish relevant properties of this mapping. On the basis of this, we obtain a proof of existence and uniqueness of solutions via nonlinear Perron–Frobenius theory, as well as a proof of global convergence of the natural iterative algorithm. We argue that this algorithm is computationally attractive, and discuss its rate of convergence.     

国有企业实行主辅分离面临的问题及对策

文章指出,通过主辅分离、辅业改制安置富余人员是国有企业改革的一项创新,它充分利用了改制分流的政策,有针对性地理顺分离企业的“3个关系”,即产权关系、劳动关系和隶属关系,以达到实现精干壮大主业、开放搞活辅业的目标。     

Transaction Costs,Option Prices,and Model Risk in Fair Value Accounting

This paper examines the reliability of option fair value estimates in the presence of transaction costs. The Black Scholes Merton (BSM) framework assumes zero transaction costs and thus might not provide a reasonable approximation in this context. We investigate the model adjustments companies make to their BSM models to deal with these transaction costs. We specifically examine Employee Stock Option (ESO) plans listed on the French stock exchange, as detailed disclosure on modeling is available for these ESOs. Our analysis questions the reliability of these model adjustments, especially their bias and the extent to which they provide a faithful representation of option fair values. Holding parameter values constant, we find that the model adjustments lead to a median understatement of 52% compared to the BSM model price, higher than the discount we observe for the opportunistic determination of model parameters (below 20%). The paper contributes to the fair value literature by highlighting model risk in the fair valuation of options. This model risk stems from assumptions made about the size of transaction costs and complements the notion of parameter risk analyzed in previous literature. As a result, the model itself might be a possible channel for fair value management.     

制度背景、投资理性与公允价值推广

论文研究了我国公允价值推广的制度背景环境及其受到投资者认知局限的困扰。认为公允机制作为会计准则的变革引入市场,必然受到现有市场机制的约束,当这种约束面临投资者决策的认知规律偏误,往往会放大公允价值计量本身的弱点,从而造成市场的过度焦虑和反应。