新开放经济中的宏观经济学及其研究进展

近年来,开放宏观经济学理论的研究有了很大的突破。1995年奥布斯菲尔德(Obsfeld)和罗果夫(Rogoff)在《政治经济学期刊》(JPE)上发表的文章《汇率动态回顾》一文,开创了“新开放经济中的宏观经济学”,标志着国际宏观经济学的研究进入了一个新的阶段。新开放经济中的宏观经济学根本特征在于将名义价格刚性和不完全竞争引入到开放经济的动态一般均衡模型中,从而为开放经济条件下的一般动态均衡理论提供了良好的微观基础。该理论对现实的国际经济现象做出的理论分析和解释,比传统的无微观基础的国际经济学理论更具有说服力;同时该模型中采用的福利分析标准——总效用分析标准比传统的“以邻为壑”的福利标准更为合理。下面就“新开放经济中的宏观经济学”理论框架和最新发展做一概述。     

开放经济下货币政策对产出影响的实证分析

本文分析了开放经济对货币政策效应的影响，通过在开放经济下研究货币供应量和产出的关系来实现。本文分为两个部分：第一部分利用蒙代尔－弗莱明模型来分析；第二部分建立计量模型进行实证分析。最后，得出结论，开放经济减弱了货币政策的效应。     

开放经济条件下我国宏观金融政策组合探析

本文探讨了在一个日益开放的宏观经济背景下我国宏观金融政策组合的择优.文章首先回顾了开放经济下金融政策搭配的两种不同的理论视角,即基于宏观经济学的蒙代尔-弗莱明模型及其推论"角点解假说"和"不可能三角"、以及金融深化理论中的金融自由化次序.继而文章将这两种理论视角运用于我国,指出我国的金融政策组合选择应区分远期和近期两种尺度,M-F模型适用于远期尺度的政策组合标的选择,而金融自由化次序则适用于指导近期尺度的具体政策搭配.接着,文章探讨了我国因WTO因素而出现的利率和汇率两方面的宏观金融环境新变数,分析了这些新变数给我国金融改革和金融政策组合择优带来影响和冲击;最后,文章给出了目前我国宏观金融政策搭配的一些具体思路.     

人民币汇率对中国经济增长的影响研究——基于开放拉姆齐模型的拓展

拉姆齐模型是研究一国宏观经济最经典的模型。运用跨时分析方法在新开放经济宏观经济学框架下研究人民币实际有效汇率对经济增长的影响,把实际有效汇率因素引入开放的拉姆齐模型分析框架,并运用该模型对人民币实际有效汇率对经济增长的影响进行了实证分析。实证结果表明,人民币汇率与中国经济增长存在长期稳定关系,人均资本存量的增加降低了中国的经济增长率,技术进步率的上升以及货币投放量的增加均会提高中国的经济增长率。     

资本账户开放与经济增长关系综述

在新古典模型中,开放资本账户有效地推动了资源的国际问分配,使得发展中国家可以获得较低成本的资本流入,从而推动了该国投资的暂时性增加,带动经济增长,最终提高了该国人民的生活水平.经济学家们在这一理论思想的指导下,分别用横断面模型、政策实践观点和企业层面的实践考察了资本账户开放和经济增长之间的关系,其测定理论的研究显示出资本账户开放对资本成本、投资和经济增长有着巨大的影响.     

新凯恩斯主义理论的新进展

一、新开放经济宏观经济学。奥布斯特菲尔德(Obstfeld)和罗果夫(Rosoff)于1995年发表了《汇率动态回顾》。在文中，奥布斯特菲尔德和罗果夫建立了有微观基础的、开放经济的、动态优化的Redux模型。这篇文献开辟了开放经济的宏观经济学研究的新领域，创建了新开放经济宏观经济学。此后，新凯恩斯主义者对开放经济宏观经济学的研究日益增多，有的学者放松了Redux模型的假设，     

开放条件下大国财政和货币政策组合分析

本文通过放松M-F模型的前提条件,分析了浮动汇率制度下大国经济的最佳政策组合,得出了低估本币汇率水平时扩张性货币政策效果明显,高估本币时扩张性财政政策效果明显的结论.作者认为,中国正在向大国经济转型,在资本流动受到管制,货币政策效果不显著的情况下,低估的汇率政策和扩张性财政政策搭配更加适合中国经济发展.     

印度经济持续开放的难点及前景

作为一个从贸易全面保护走到开放的发展中大国 ,印度所面临的持续对外经济开放中的阻力和问题可以说是具有典型意义 ,它具有发展中国家普遍的特点 ,同时也具有印度本身历史、政治、经济独特背景所形成的特点。本文从发展中大国经济持续开放的条件及可能面临的问题出发 ,探讨印度在开放中遇到的难点和其成因 ,最后对印度经济持续开放的前景作一结论性的分析。     

中国参与国际宏观经济政策协调的收益分析

新开放经济宏观经济学是20世纪90年代以来开放宏观经济学领域出现的新研究范式,以其坚实的微观基础为研究国际宏观经济政策协调收益问题提供了良好的数理模型.国际宏观经济政策协调收益分析经历了两代模型.笔者借鉴新开放经济宏观经济学框架下的CCD模型,利用国际宏观经济政策协调潜在收益的衡量指标,构建中国多部门VAR模型,测算了面临劳动生产率冲击时中国参与国际宏观经济政策协调的潜在收益.     

开放经济动态随机一般均衡模型发展综述

开放经济动态随机一般均衡模型(简称为开放经济DSGE模型)是站在传统经济计量方法的“肩膀”上发展起来的,致力于将理论模型与实际经济进行合理拟合和对接.本文分析了开放经济动态随机一般均衡模型的特征,并从开放环境、金融加速器、劳动市场、金融摩擦和劳动摩擦这四个方面入手,对开放经济DSGE模型从构建之初到现今的发展进程进行了详细阐述.     

Monetary and fiscal policy interactions in a post Keynesian open-economy model

Using a post Keynesian model, this study aims to analyze the stabilizing role of fiscal and monetary policies in an open economy with a managed exchange rate regime. The real exchange rate is modeled as an endogenous variable and inflation explained using the conflicting claims approach. The dynamic properties of macroeconomic equilibrium are evaluated in different regimes of fiscal and monetary policies. The main result of this study suggests that the preferred policy regime is the one in which economic authorities are complementary and fiscal policy plays an explicitly active role. In this regime, the fiscal policy must commit to the target for the rate of capacity utilization and the monetary authority must commit to the inflation target.     

Real Effects of Monetary Policy in New Zealand

This article analyses the dynamic effects of unexpected domestic and foreign monetary policy shocks on industrial output in New Zealand based on a new open economy macroeconomic model. Empirical analyses are performed using unrestricted recursive open economy vector autoregressive models involving policy and non‐policy variables for New Zealand and four of its most important trading partners (that is, Australia, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States). The empirical findings are in accord with the qualitative predictions of the conventional monetary transmission mechanism applicable to a small open economy. Consequently, no empirical anomalies are observed in the dynamic behaviour of New Zealand industrial output in response to restrictive monetary innovations of domestic and foreign origin.     

固定汇率体系下的货币政策:对未来中国货币政策的探讨

Using a macro dynamic model that is specified for the current Chinese economy, we investigate the monetary policy in China under the assumption that the capital market was “open” under WTO frame-work while the exchange rate was fixed. Our purpose here is to find whether it is possible for China in this case to keep the effective monetary policy for stabilizing the domestic economy. For this, we suggest some institutional arrangements (or restrictions). Given these institutional restrictions, we find that not only the monetary policy can still be effective but also the fixed exchange regime will strengthen the macroeconomic stability shared by both the domestic economy and the economy of its trade partners. The dynamic analysis of the model further shows that the under-valued RMB is necessary for the target exchange rate to be sustainable. Finally, due to the import pattern of the current Chinese economy, RMB appreciation will not help to resolve the trade deficit problem in the Western economy with respect to China.      

A neoclassical analysis of the Korean crisis

In late 1997, Korea experienced a huge and unusual economic crisis. The three main features of this crisis are the sudden recession, the rapid recovery and a consumption drop as large as the output drop. A large body of literature qualitatively explains the Korean crisis in terms of financial and monetary variables such as exchange rates and interest rates. This paper complements these studies by quantitatively analyzing fluctuations in real macroeconomic variables such as real GDP and consumption. A stochastic small open economy neoclassical model can quantitatively account for the Korean crisis taking TFP and real interest rates as exogenous.     

Do long-term interest rates drive GDP and inflation in small open economies? Evidence from Poland

This article investigates the impact of long-term interest rates on macroeconomic variables in a small open economy. It shows that the time-varying term premium stabilizes GDP without affecting significantly inflation volatility in Poland – a typical open economy with flexible exchange rate. This conclusion is drawn from an estimated dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model in which segmented asset markets and imperfect asset substitutability give rise to the time-varying term premium in the long-term interest rate. Furthermore, the impulse response analysis of the model reveals that the term premium stabilizes GDP when the small economy is hit by shocks that are absent in closed economy models (country risk premium and export preference) which points to the different impact of the term premium on relatively close (large) and open (small) economies.     

A policy model to analyze macroprudential regulations and monetary policy

We construct a small‐open‐economy, new Keynesian dynamic stochastic general‐equilibrium model with real financial linkages to analyze the effects of financial shocks and macroprudential policies on the Canadian economy. The model incorporates rich interactions between the balance sheets of households, firms and banks, long‐term household and business debt, macroprudential policy instruments and nominal and real rigidities and is calibrated to match dynamics in Canadian macroeconomic and financial data. We study the transmission of monetary policy and financial and real shocks in the model economy and analyze the effectiveness of various policies in simultaneously achieving macroeconomic and financial stability. We find that, in terms of reducing household debt, more targeted tools such as loan‐to‐value regulations are the most effective and least costly, followed by bank capital regulations and monetary policy, respectively.     

Real wage rigidities and optimal monetary policy in a small open economy

The main objective of the study is to provide a theoretical analysis of optimal monetary policy in a small open economy where households set real wage in a staggered fashion. The introduction of real wage rigidities plays a important role to resolve main shortcomings of the standard new Keynesian small open economy model. The main findings regarding the issue of monetary policy design can be summarized as three fold. First, the optimal policy is to seek to minimize variance of domestic price inflation, real wage inflation, and the output gap if both domestic price and real wage are sticky. Second, controlling CPI inflation directly or indirectly induces relatively large volatility in output gap and other inflations. Therefore, both CPI inflation-based Taylor rule and nominal wage-inflation based Taylor rule are suboptimal. Last, a policy that responds to a real wage inflation is most desirable.     

Understanding the deviation of Australian policy rate from the Taylor rule

This investigation aims to explain and quantify the deviations of the Australian policy rate (set by Reserve Bank of Australia) from the Taylor Rule. A three-step econometric procedure designed to reflect the data-rich environment in which central banks operate is proposed using information for 229 macroeconomic series. This procedure can be applied to data for any economy with inflation targeting monetary rule. Our application with Australian data shows that approximately 65% of Australia’s policy rate deviation from the Taylor Rule can be explained systematically, with international factors and a domestic factor accounting for 41.9% and 22.5%, respectively, of the total variation in deviation from the rule.     

The Exchange Rate and Inflation in the UK

The United Kingdom is a highly open economy, and has a monetary policy strategy of targeting inflation in consumer prices. In this paper, we look at the evidence from the UK on inflation behaviour, and examine the propositions from several theoretical models about inflation dynamics in an open economy, focusing in particular on the hypothesized connections between the exchange rate and consumer price inflation. Theoretical open‐economy macroeconomic models ‘cover the waterfront’ on this issue, ranging from ‘exchange rate disconnect’ to a rigid link between nominal exchange rate changes and inflation. We estimate on UK data the open‐economy Phillips curves implied by the alternative explanations. We argue that, of the alternatives considered, only a model where imports are modelled as an intermediate good, as in McCallum and Nelson (1999) , provides a reasonable match with the data. Unlike the standard model, in which imports are treated as a final consumer good, the intermediate‐goods specification provides support for a policy of CPI inflation targeting.     

Flattening of the New Keynesian Phillips curve: Evidence for an emerging,small open economy

The flattening of the Phillips curve is a vigorously investigated phenomenon in many advanced economies. Still little evidence has been presented for emerging, small open economies facing persistently low inflation. In this paper I address this issue through rigorous estimation of a substantial number of stylized, open-economy hybrid new Keynesian Phillips curves for Poland. I find robust evidence of the flattening of the Phillips curve and the rising impact of external factors for both headline and core inflation. I conclude that during excessive disinflation in Poland the flattening of the Phillips curve can be partly explained by the underutilization of labour, whereas the stronger impact of global factors on core inflation suggests strengthening indirect effects. The changes in the estimated parameters indicate that the macroeconomic cost of bringing inflation back to the desired target has increased. Further identification of the reasons behind the flattening of the Phillips curve in an emerging, small open economy should provide useful insights for monetary policy.