沪深两市信息非对称程度及其对比:基于MRR方法的经验研究

本文采用Madhavan,Richarson and Roomans(1997)模型对沪深两市A股市场的信息非对称程度进行了经验比较.首先将隐性价差分解为逆向选择成本和指令处理成本两部分,然后以隐性价差中逆向选择成本所占的比重作为市场信息非对称程度的衡量指标,最后以该衡量指标实证比较了沪深两市的信息非对称的日内变动模式和大小.经验分析表明,沪市信息非对称程度的日内变动模式呈倒"U"形,而深市信息非对称程度的日内模式无明显规律;与沪市类似,深市信息非对称在开盘初期呈上升趋势和午市连续竞价的末期呈下降趋势;沪市的信息非对称程度在大多数交易时段要大于深市.     

中国期货市场流动性成本研究——以棉花为例

根据郑州棉花期货市场日内交易高频数据,首先基于Thompson-Waller模型测度了棉花期货市场不同交割月份期货合约的流动性成本大小。实证研究表明:不同合约流动性成本大小受交易量和合约距交割期时间长短的影响,除此之外还有其他因素影响流动性成本,并且棉花期货市场符合萨缪尔森假说;而后以买卖价差代替流动性成本,根据LSB模型考察了流动性成本的日内变化特征,实证研究显示流动性成本中的信息不对称成分、指令处理成分、指令持续成分呈现明显的日内变化特征。     

中国商品期货市场流动性成本特征实证研究

运用上海、郑州、大连三个商品期货市场高频数据,对我国商品期市买卖价差组成进行了分解,对买卖价差各成分与流动性、交易规模、交易价格的关系以及买卖价差成分的日内变动趋势进行了检验.在此基础上,分析了上述现象的形成原因,并提出了相应的政策建议.     

终极控制人两权分离、所有权性质与股票流动性

以2003～2009年沪深两市仅发行了A股的上市公司为样本,使用高频交易数据构造相对有效价差和相对报价价差以衡量股票流动性,同时采用价差分解的方法构造逆向选择指标以衡量信息不对称程度,对这一问题进行了考察。研究结果表明:两权分离度越高,则股票流动性越低,信息不对称程度越高;和国有企业相比,这一关系在民营企业中表现得更加的明显。     

上海银行间同业拆借市场买卖价差研究

本文考察了上海银行间同业拆借市场做市商买卖价差的特征,并研究了该价差的影响因素。实证结果表明,上海银行间同业拆借市场做市商的买卖价差具有显著的聚集效应,不同类型银行的买卖价差水平在不同拆借品种上是不一致的：隔夜拆借的买卖价差具有显著的周内效应,呈现倒“V”特征,在周三的买卖价差是最高的：买卖价差假日交易的波动更小;在正式运行阶段,买卖价差的波动率均有很大提高,对于交易活跃的拆借品种来说,其买卖价差水平均有所下降。本文采用了AR（1）-GJR（1,1）对Shibor的条件异方差进行建模。OLS回归模型表明上海银行间同业拆借市场的买卖价差并不受市场利率和市场波动的影响,与成熟市场买卖报价的影响模式存在显著差异。这说明上海银行间同业拆借市场做市商的定价水平有待提高。     

买卖价差构成理论研究综述

买卖价差构成是市场微观结构理论的重要组成部分。本文根据文献发表时间和文献之间的逻辑关系，对买卖价差构成理论的相关文献进行全面、系统的回顾和评述。作者将买卖价差构成的相关文献分为理论研究和实证研究两部分：在理论研究部分，系统回顾了买卖价差的存货模型和信息模型；在实证研究部分，根据市场交易机制的不同，分别介绍、评述报价驱动市场和指令驱动市场的买卖价差成分分解模型。     

柜台市场会计信息披露研究——国外文献述评与启示

会计信息披露是降低信息不对称的重要方式,柜台市场信息的不对称影响做市商的报价价差,从而影响市场的流动性。本文分别围绕会计信息披露对买卖价差的影响、会计信息披露对市场流动性的影响、会计信息披露与柜台市场有效性的关系三方面,对国外文献进行梳理和分析,并阐明会计信息披露对构建我国柜台市场的重要意义。     

信息不对称成本与市场有效性——基于上证180指数成份股票交易数据的实证研究

从买卖价差中分离出信息不对称成本,运用扩展的单位根(ADF)方法实证检验其与股票价格过程有效性的关系。发现,中国股市未达到弱式有效;信息不对称成本对股票价格平稳性存在一定影响,但这种影响并不明显。表明流动性宽度成本对股票价格平稳性可能存在较大影响。     

机构投资者持股与流动性成本——来自中国上市公司的经验证据

现有的研究认为,机构投资者通过两个渠道影响流动性成本:逆向选择和信息效率。一方面,因信息不对称而带来的逆向选择问题会增大流动性成本;另一方面,机构投资者通过股票交易使私有信息渗透到股价之中,则会提高信息效率,减少流动性成本。因此,机构投资者与流动性成本之间的关系成为一个实证问题。本文研究发现,我国机构投资者持股增加了报价价差、有效价差和PIN值;进一步地,证券投资基金持股比其他机构投资者持股更可能导致流动性成本的增加。因此,我们认为,监管层应严厉打击机构投资者获取内幕信息,加强上市公司信息披露监管,减少逆向选择问题,同时应减少机构投资者操纵股票市场等影响股价信息效率的行为。     

保险公司CFO的职能与角色定位

现代企业理论表明，公司就是一系列委托代理关系的总和。而只要存在委托代理关系．就不可避免信息不对称。代理人作为“内部人”就可能会利用手中的信息优势侵害委托人的利益，即我们通常所说的“道德风险”和“逆向选择”。为此，现代公司治理结构理论应运而生，通过设计和完善公司治理结构、     

BID-ASK SPREAD COMPONENTS AROUND ANTICIPATED ANNOUNCEMENTS

In this paper I re-examine spreads around dividend and earnings announcements and provide new evidence on patterns by examining the components of the bid-ask spread. Transaction data are examined through a recently developed spread decomposition model that decomposes the bid-ask spread into a fixed (execution) component and an adverse selection component. In addition, this model does not rely on a constant spread as previous spread decomposition models require. The results show that around earnings announcements, the bid-ask spreads and spread components have significant changes indicating that the anticipated announcement is informative. However, the actual public announcement of a dividend does not alter the bid-ask spread and spread components of actively traded securities.     

BID-ASK SPREAD COMPONENTS IN AN ORDER-DRIVEN ENVIRONMENT

The purpose of this study is to extend the bid-ask spread decomposition literature into the order-driven environment. The use of electronic limit order books, combined with order-driven market making, has been increasing rapidly in recent years because of improvements in information technology and financial market deregulation. To date, reported bid-ask spread decompositions rely almost exclusively on quote-driven or hybrid systems. This study provides bid-ask spread component estimates from one of the world's largest order-driven markets, the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong. Based on a sample of over six million observations, we estimate a median adverse selection component of 33 percent and a median order processing component of 45 percent of the spread. Dollar-volume-based decile portfolios show significant cross-sectional variation for adverse selection costs but insignificant variation for order processing costs. Finally, order persistence is consistently positive for all deciles and displays a direct relation with the level of trading activity.     

Earnings Predictability, Information Asymmetry, and Market Liquidity

We investigate the relation between earnings predictability, information asymmetry and the behavior of the adverse selection cost component of the bid-ask spread around quarterly earnings announcements for NASDAQ firms. While we find an increase in the adverse selection component of the bid-ask spread on the day of and the day prior to quarterly earnings announcements for firms with less predictable earnings, we find no evidence of such changes for firms with more predictable earnings. During a non-announcement period, we find that firms with relatively less predictable earnings have consistently higher total bid-ask spreads than firms with more predictable earnings. This finding suggests that firms with relatively less predictable earnings have a higher cost of equity capital than comparable firms with more predictable earning streams, ceteris paribus. Hence, earnings predictability may be a legitimate concern of managers who wish to minimize their cost of equity capital at least as it pertains to bid-ask spreads.     

Consistency between Predicted and Actual Bid-Ask Quote-Revisions

This paper employs a “transaction” data-base to study whether observed quote-revisions are consistent with those predicted by the adverse selection and inventory cost theories of the bid-ask spread. We find that actual quote-revisions are consistent with the theoretical prediction in only 25% of the cases. Furthermore, quote-revision patterns are found to be strongly dependent on the level of the outstanding spread and, to a lesser extent, on the transaction size. These systematic patterns, unrelated to the inventory cost and adverse selection theories, are consistent with the effect on quote-revisions of the limit order book and the minimum 1/8 price-change rule.     

Earnings Announcements and the Components of the Bid-Ask Spread

This study investigates the behavior of the components of the bid-ask spread around earnings announcements. We find that the adverse selection cost component significantly increases surrounding the announcements, while the inventory holding and order processing components significantly decline during the same periods. Our results suggest that the directional change in the total bid-ask spread depends on the relative magnitudes of the changes in these three components. Specifically, the decreases in inventory holding costs and order processing costs imply that earnings announcements may have an insignificant impact on the total bid-ask spread, even when they result in increased information asymmetry.     

Determinants of the components of bid-ask spreads on stocks

In this paper we show that George et al. (GKN, 1991) estimators of the adverse selection and order processing cost components of the bid-ask spread are biased due to intertemporal variations in the bid-ask spread. We use alternative estimators that correct this bias and that are applicable to individual securities, and estimate these cost components empirically using data on NYSE/AMEX stocks. As expected, our results indicate that on average adverse selection costs account for approximately 50% of the bid-ask spread, sharply higher than the estimates of 8-10% obtained by GKN for NASDAQ stocks and 21% that we obtain for NYSE/AMEX stocks using GKN's estimators. We then conduct cross-sectional regressions designed primarily to determine whether adverse selection costs vary across specialists after controlling for firm size and other factors. Consistent with previously established hypotheses, we find that adverse-selection costs vary across specialists, and that this variation is related to the number of securities that the specialist handles.     

Liquidity Provision and Noise Trading: Evidence from the "Investment Dartboard" Column

How does increased noise trading affect market liquidity and trading costs? We use The Wall Street Journal's “Investment Dartboard” column, which stimulates noise trading, as a natural experiment to evaluate models of the bid-ask spread. We find that substantial increases in trading volume and significant but temporary abnormal returns occur when analysts recommend stocks in this column, especially when recommendations come from analysts with successful contest track records. We also find an increase in liquidity and a decrease in the adverse selection component of the bid-ask spread.     

Adverse Selection and the Required Return

An important feature of financial markets is that securitiesare traded repeatedly by asymmetrically informed investors.We study how current and future adverse selection affect therequired return. We find that the bid-ask spread generated byadverse selection is not a cost, on average, for agents whotrade, and hence the bid-ask spread does not directly influencethe required return. Adverse selection contributes to trading-decisiondistortions, however, implying allocation costs, which affectthe required return. We explicitly derive the effect of adverseselection on required returns, and show how our result differsfrom models that consider the bid-ask spread to be an exogenouscost.     

Third Market Broker-Dealers: Cost Competitors or Cream Skimmers?

This article compares the bid-ask spread for New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)-listed securities before and after a major third market broker-dealer, Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities (Madoff), begins to selectively purchase and execute orders in those securities. Tests reveal the quoted bid-ask spread tightens when Madoff enters the market. Furthermore, trading costs as measured by the difference between the transaction price and the midpoint of the contemporaneous bid-ask spread do not increase. Together, these results suggest that the adverse selection problem associated with allowing agents to selectively execute orders in exchange-listed securities may be economically insignificant.     

Do accruals exacerbate information asymmetry in the market?

A considerable body of evidence, both archival and experimental, suggests that accounting accruals are heterogeneously interpreted by investors. We examine whether the information asymmetry among investors arising from this heterogeneous interpretation, implied in these empirical results, affects transactions costs in the form of the adverse selection component of the bid-ask spread. We examine this impact both, in a yearly setting and around the first release of quarterly accrual information. The results of the study provide empirical evidence of a positive association between the adverse selection component and accruals in the yearly analysis. Since wider bid-ask spreads are both theoretically and empirically linked to higher stock returns (Brennan & Subrahmanyam, 1996), our results provide a transaction cost basis for understanding one possible factor underlying the linkage between accruals and cost of equity capital, and accruals and information risk pricing as documented in Francis et al. (2005) and Ecker et al. (2006).