从欧洲货币一体化看东亚货币区的建立

欧洲货币一体化的实践验证了最优货币区理论。作者以欧洲货币区的适应发展为参照 ,根据最优货币区理论所提出的标准 ,分析了东亚地区实行单一货币的可行性 ,结论是 ,东亚各国与欧元成员国相比存在很大差距 ,在很多方面尚不能满足建立最优货币区的基本条件 ,因此 ,要建立东亚货币区还任重道远。     

Economic Policy within a European Monetary Union

A European Monetary Union (EMU) and the complete transfer of the responsibility for monetary policy to a European central bank are no longer utopian ideas, but a politically highly relevant possibility. The question how economic policy goals can be achieved within such a monetary union is therefore gaining in importance.     

Zur Problematik einer politisierten Europäischen Zentralbank

In September 2012, in order to save the euro, the Governing Council of the European Central Bank (ECB) announced unlimited purchases of crisis-country bonds if necessary (Outright Monetary Transactions). This was a significant change in monetary policy, leading to a controversial integration with fiscal policy and endangering the ECB’s independence as well as the preservation of price stability as its primary target. To restore the strict distinction between monetary and fiscal policy and to avoid monetary deficit financing, the author proposes to forbid purchases of government bonds not only on primary but also on secondary financial markets.     

Treaty Reform: Consequences for Monetary Policy

The proposed reform treaty, aimed at enhancing the efficiency and democratic legitimacy of the enlarged Union as well as its position on the global stage, has a number of important implications for monetary policy and the status of the European Central Bank. Can the reforms be expected to make euro area governance more efficient? Could they potentially jeopardise the ECB's independence and European monetary policy? Member of the Panel of Experts of the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs of the European Parliament, to which the article was first presented as a Briefing Paper for the Monetary Dialogue with the President of the European Central Bank in October 2007. The author gratefully acknowledges the helpful comments of Edin Mujagic and the excellent research assistance of Rob Nijskens.     

European Monetary Union: No field for political compromise

European Economic and Monetary Union is currently in the course of preparation by an inter-governmental conference. What are the benefits and risks associated with European monetary union? What essential requirements need to be fulfilled when the agreements are concluded?     

Economic and political risks of European Monetary Union

As demonstrated by the last European Union summit meetings, the heads of government and of state of the EU's member states appear firmly intent on starting the planned monetary union on schedule on 1st January 1999. The statements they make, and also any pamphlets and advertisements published by their governments and the European Commission, tend to concentrate one-sidedly on the purported advantages of monetary union. Nevertheless, in most EU countries plans for monetary union are greeted with scepticism or disapproval by a large section of the general public. There are good reasons for this reaction because, as will be explained below, European Monetary Union is in fact associated with serious economic and political risks.     

A framework for international monetary reform?

The European Monetary System (EMS) has, so far, proved to be a success. The regional approach to the promotion of monetary stability, in terms of both more predictable exchange rates and a reduction in inflation, is the only option available to Europe as attempts to create a new international monetary system without an inflation bias and national initiatives to reduce inflation have failed. Can the EMS, building on its success, so evolve as to facllitate the reform of the international monetary system and the permanent reduction of inflation?     

The Euro and the World Monetary system

Stage Three of European Economic and Monetary Union is scheduled to begin on 1st January 1999 at the latest; by 1st July 2002 the euro will probably be the only legal tender in the participating countries. The role of the European Central Bank and the euro in the international monetary system is still very unclear, however. This poses a risk for the intended independence of the ECB.     

Monetary co-operation in Europe

The decisions of the EC conference in Nyborg last autumn were designed to consolidate and expand monetary integration in Europe. What degree of integration have the many years of effort achieved? What are the prospects for the future of the European Monetary System?     

Issues of European monetary integration

In recent years significant progress has been made towards European monetary integration. Widespread agreement as to the role of monetary policy has been established and there were no realignments of exchange rates within the European Monetary System between March 1983 and July 1985. This was the longest period without realignment in the EMS and contrasted sharply with the six realignments observed in the four years previously. What are the prospects for the further strengthening of the EMS? How can the present system be developed further?     

Problems of monetary integrationin Europe

On December 4/5, 1978 the heads of states and governments of the EC-member states are meeting in order to take decisions on the new European Monetary System agreed on at their Bremen summit. The problems of monetary integration in Europe are discussed in this article.     

Economic implications of the Divergence Indicators in the EMS

The system of so-called Divergence Indicators in the European Monetary System puts pressure on the monetary authorities to consult before the intervention points are reached in the foreign exchange markets. Under integration aspects this arrangement marks an advance, but it also carries risks and dangers with it.     

Common European monetary policy with different financial structures

If Economic and Monetary Union comes about, it will comprise countries with different financial systems and financing practices. This implies differences as regards the transmission of impulses both within the financial sector and from the monetary sphere to the real economy. Professor Renate Ohr and Torsten Gruber take the example of the United Kingdom to illustrate the significance these differences could have for the monetary policy of the European Central Bank.     

Problems of monetary integrationin Europe

On December 4/5, 1978 the heads of states and governments of the EC-member states are meeting in order to take decisions on the new European Monetary System agreed on at their Bremen summit. The problems of monetary integration in Europe are discussed in this article.

     

The European Monetary System and international currency questions

As the recent struggles connected with the readjustment of exchange rates within the European Monetary System have shown, the relatively unproblematic “running in” period of the EMS, which was supposed to be a constructive contribution to the creation of a more viable international monetary system, is over. Dr. Matthes doubts that the EMS can live up to the original expectations and argues in favour of a restoration of the US dollar to its function as the key currency of the Western monetary system.     

The taming of the Shrew(ish snake)?

An article in the last issue of INTERECONOMICS discussed problems of the monetary integration in Europe as they may arise under the new European Monetary System¹. It dealt more particularly with the exchange rate problems whereas the following contribution is concerned with the intervention and credit mechanism.     

An assessment of the effectiveness of the monetary dialogue on the ECB’s accountability and transparency: A qualitative approach

The European Central Bank has been seen by some observers as lacking transparency and accountability. The following article examines whether the monetary dialogue between the European Pariliament’s Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs (ECON) influences the ECB’s behaviour in this regard. This is done by comparing the issues raised by the ECON and its panel of experts and the changes in the ECB’s procedures and arrangements.     

A two-speed Europe: How (un)stable would such a solution be?

Assuming the convergency criteria are not watered down, European Monetary Union will begin on 1.1.1999 with just a few core countries. With the help of the theory of clubs, Professor F. L. Sell analyses the incentive effects of the “monetary club” on founding members and “outsiders”.     

Policy Rules in the Economic and Monetary Union

This paper studies whether a monetary union can be managed solely by a rule-based approach. The Five Presidents’ Report of the European Union rejects this idea. It suggests a centralisation of powers. We analyse the philosophy of policy rules from the vantage point of the German economic school of thought. There is evidence that a monetary union consisting of sovereign states is well organised by rules, together with the principle of subsidiarity. The root cause of the euro crisis is rather the weak enforcement of rules, compounded by structural problems. Therefore, we suggest a genuine rule-based paradigm for a stable future of the Economic and Monetary Union.     

Baltic monetary regimes in the XXIst century

The accession of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania to the European Union would mean that they would join the Economic and Monetary Union in the status of “countries with a derogation”. They would remain committed to adopting the euro eventually and to this end to joining ERM II. The following article examines the present monetary regimes of the three countries and the progress made so far in their preparation for EMU.