CIL's experience with a computerized ammonia plant trip system

The computerized trip system has been in use since August, 1985, at the CIL Ammonia II plant. Superior reliability, essential avoiding unnecessary shutdowns, while protecting the plant from accident, is obtained through use of a fault-tolerant configuration.     

Commissioning of CIL's ammonia II plant

Special features of this process design contributed to fast start-up, including the role of the computer simulator for training purposes and the concept of commissioning by process test system.     

Causes of ammonia plant shutdowns survey V

The onstream factor for large tonnage ammonia plants has plummeted to 80.8 percent as inventory control and feedstock curtailment cause almost fifty percent of total downtime.     

Problems with leakages at large flanges in the BASF new ammonia plant

Leakage from large diameter flanges had occurred several times in a new 1360 t/d ammonia plant. One such incident resulted in a large fire. The causes of this incident are examined.     

Modernization of an ammonia plant safety shutdown system

The Agrium Redwater Nitrogen Operations Ammonia 2 plant underwent a phased project to upgrade and modernize its automatic safety shutdown system. Agrium incorporated the use of safety integrity levels in the functional design and detailed design of the safety shutdown system to ensure that all required protections were implemented in a safe and cost-effective manner. This article discusses the methodology used to determine the scope of the system, the methodology used to define the functional design, the implementation strategy chosen and the key lessons learned from the execution of this project. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 28:282–292, 2009     

Anhydrous ammonia explosion in an ice cream plant

Causes and consequences of the explosion where firefighters and an employee barely escaped death or serious injury in December 1983.     

Metallurgical examination of existing piping in an ammonia plant

Based on their previous problems and recent experiences at other ammonia plants, Columbia Nitrogen decided to inspect all high alloy piping containing hydrogen to determine if proper metallurgy had been used in piping and welds.     

Introduction to expert systems and potential ammonia plant applications

A conceptual approach for applying expert systems to ammonia plants, on an off-line basis, is discussed. These systems can be used for plant problem diagnostics, operator training, safety studies, and risk analysis.     

HAZOP-proof ammonia plant: A new way of defining a safe and reliable design

This new technique, which meets interacting design criteria of a 1,800-MTPD ammonia project, offers special safety features and withstands a detailed HAZOP study.     

Sensitivity of process risk to human error in an ammonia plant

Fault tree analysis evaluates the relationship between overall process risk and human failure probabilities. Based on this information, most critical areas of operator training and/or need for automatic systems are determined.     

利用氨吸收电厂烟道气中的CO2及对大气减排CO2的分析

对以氨吸收电厂烟道气中CO2生产碳酸氢铵的技术可行性进行了分析,并从氨的来源、各种合成氨工艺的能源消耗、附带CO2排放情况和碳酸氢铵在土壤中被植物吸收情况等方面进行了综合分析。结果表明,由于以天然气为原料合成氨生产过程中附带CO2排放相对较少,用于吸收电厂烟道气中CO2生产碳酸氢铵肥料,在碳酸氢铵能够有效被植物吸收的前提下能够达到减排CO2的综合效果。     

Foam system design for ammonia storage tank areas

Foam application is a successful method of reducing the release of vapors from anhydrous ammonia spills. It is a simple process also proving to be the most economical.