货币政策、融资约束与实体企业融资

实体企业融资受企业自身融资约束以及货币政策等因素的影响。本文运用2011—2021年中国A股上市实体企业微观数据,研究货币政策对实体企业融资的影响,并分析了融资约束对货币政策影响实体企业融资的调节效应。研究结果表明：货币政策对实体企业融资具有显著影响,宽松货币政策能够显著提升实体企业股权融资和信贷融资规模,对股权融资规模的提升作用更强。从融资约束的调节效应来看,实体企业融资约束越强,货币政策对其股票与信贷融资规模的提升作用越强。相对大型和国有实体企业而言,宽松货币政策对中小型和民营实体企业融资规模的影响更为显著。本文研究丰富了实体企业融资理论,为进一步优化不同类型实体企业的融资结构、推动金融支持实体企业发展提供微观层面的经验证据。     

去产能政策与融资租赁

本文对去产能政策和融资租赁之间的因果关系和内在机理进行了深入研究。基于2007—2016年中国上市公司的融资租赁交易数据的实证分析发现,去产能政策推动了融资租赁规模的扩张,而融资租赁规模的扩张又反过来削弱了去产能政策的效果,但程度有限。进一步分析表明,去产能政策从需求和供给两方面推动了融资租赁的扩张:去产能政策限制了产能过剩企业从银行等主流融资渠道获得长期资金的能力,这一方面激发了这些企业对融资租赁等融资方式的需求,另一方面也增强了银行通过融资租赁进行监管套利的动机。在党的十九大提出的“经济高质量发展”的背景下,本文发现有助于制定更加科学有效、与金融体系相互协调的产业政策。     

融资约束下企业波动对企业成长影响的实证研究——基于我国上市公司数据

从我国1991年至2012年上市公司微观面板数据出发,实证检验了我国企业波动对企业成长的影响以及融资约束对这一关系的影响。研究结果表明:企业波动对企业成长的影响随着企业融资约束的变化具有非线性,当企业融资约束程度低于临界值时,企业波动对企业成长的影响由负转为正,并且这一结论对于不同所有制和不同规模的企业是稳健的。还进一步以2008年全球金融危机前后为例对研究结论进行了说明:2008年金融危机后我国民营企业和中小企业遭受了更为严重的融资约束,有很多企业融资约束程度高于临界值,使得企业波动对企业成长存在负向影响,但也有很多企业融资约束程度低于临界值,这些企业仍然存在"机会成本效应",使得企业波动对企业成长有正面影响。     

杠杆率约束对银行融资成本与信贷扩张的影响——基于中国银行业的实证研究北大核心CSSCI

本文利用中国120家商业银行2003-2015年度面板数据,分析在巴塞尔协议Ⅲ框架下杠杆率对银行融资成本与信贷扩张的作用。研究发现,杠杆率监管对银行信贷扩张的影响取决于银行调整的时间,长期内可防止银行规模扩张,而信息不对称环境下提高银行杠杆率则显著降低下一期的融资成本,加速信贷扩张;施加杠杆率约束放大银行融资成本的顺周期性,弱化货币政策信贷渠道传导的效果;国有控股银行的融资成本与资产负债扩张速度都明显低于非国有银行。     

企业集团内部资本市场对其成员企业融资约束的影响——来自中国企业集团的经验证据

本文验证在中国特殊的制度环境下,企业集团内部资本市场对成员企业融资约束的影响。我们发现,企业集团通过内部资本配置,能够放松成员企业所面临的融资约束。国有集团的内部资本市场放松融资约束的功能得到了很好的发挥:内部资本市场规模小、成长速度快、控制权和现金流权分离程度小的民营集团的成员企业,其所面临的融资约束比较大。在市场化程度较高的省份(或地区),企业集团内部资本市场具有放松融资约束的功能,其成员企业所面临的融资约束小。集团内部资本市场没有放松控制权与现金流权分离程度大的集团成员企业所面临的融资约束。     

中小企业融资约束缓解:金融发展水平重要抑或金融结构重要?——来自中小企业板上市公司的经验证据北大核心CSSCISSCI

本文基于中小企业板样本公司数据,利用现金-现金流敏感性模型考察了金融发展水平和金融结构对中小企业融资约束的影响。研究发现,由中小银行发展所推动的银行业结构变化显著缓解了中小企业融资约束,而银行中介与金融市场的比例构成以及金融发展水平都未与中小企业融资约束形成稳健的联系。文章的政策含义是,在银行业结构与实体经济不相适应的情况下,由金融总量扩张所推动的金融发展水平提升对实体经济的贡献十分有限,因此,中国金融改革应紧紧围绕银行业结构调整来推进金融结构优化进程,其中银行业结构调整的要旨在于为中小银行发展创造有利空间。     

融资约束、资产抵押与企业投资的关系探析

本文通过引入企业资产抵押能力差异因素,分析了中国企业企业目前热衷于增加资源投入的粗放型规模扩张而忽视研发投入和自主创新能力的投入的原因,研究了融资约束对企业投资的影响。银行的融资约束会使得企业资产抵押能力差异通过抵制研发投资、重视实物来进行扭曲性投资选择,使得企业产生投资扭曲的重要原因是外延扩大型投资比起研发投资更加有利于轻松获得银行的资金贷款,通过抵押方式摆脱融资约束,且能够不断扩大企业规模,要解决这一问题需要从短期和长期两个方面展开,一是从短期来看需要提高商业银行的识别能力,在控制好风险的基础上适当增加信用贷款。二是从长期来看,需要大力扶持和支持风险投资、私募股票市场等多层次资本市场的发展,为企业的融资创造更好的金融环境。     

融资约束、金融市场化与制造业企业出口国内增加值率

融资约束是制约中国企业发展的一个关键性因素。本文系统地检验了融资约束对制造业企业出口国内增加值率(DVAR)的影响和机制以及金融市场化在该影响中的调节作用。研究结果发现:(1)融资约束显著抑制了制造业企业出口DVAR的提升,这一结果在考虑测量误差和内生性问题后依然稳健。(2)影响机制检验结果显示,技术创新是融资约束抑制制造业企业出口DVAR提升的重要机制。(3)异质性分析显示加工贸易企业、民营企业和外资企业、低生产率企业、东部地区企业的融资约束对其出口DVAR提升的抑制作用较大。(4)金融市场化进程中的利率市场化能够有效缓解融资约束对制造业企业出口DVAR提升的抑制作用,而影子银行规模扩张则加重了融资约束对制造业企业出口DVAR提升的抑制作用。因此,缓解制造业企业的融资约束,提升其技术创新能力,推进并完善金融市场化水平是提升中国制造业出口DVAR,增强外贸获利水平的重要途径。     

金融发展对中国企业ODI的影响路径分析

论文从生产率路径、融资约束路径和风险降低路径来论述金融发展对企业对外直接投资的影响。生产率路径主要表现为金融发展能够促进企业增加研发投入,能够帮助企业选择潜在收益最大项目进行投资,能够分散科技投资的风险从而提升企业生产率;融资约束路径主要表现为金融发展能够通过金融规模扩张、金融结构调整、金融效率提升来降低企业的融资约束;风险降低路径表现为金融发展能够通过市场深化与风险识别来降低企业对外直接投资的风险。     

融资方式与企业成长——基于世界银行2012年中国企业调查数据的证据

拓展企业融资方式能够缓解企业面临的融资约束,进而影响企业成长.运用世界银行2012年对中国企业“商业环境和企业绩效调查”数据,采用分位数回归模型,考察不同融资方式对企业成长的影响,发现内源融资不利于企业成长,对成长率越高的企业抑制作用越强,相反,外源融资能够促进企业成长,其中,银行融资显著地促进了企业成长,对于成长率越高的企业其促进作用越强;商业信用、非银行机构融资等其他融资方式对企业成长的促进作用不明显.此外,在进行分样本回归中,我们发现商业信贷融资方式显著地促进了独资企业的成长,银行融资方式显著促进了非独资企业的成长.因此,保证银行融资和商业信用融资渠道畅通,拓宽中小企业融资方式是促进中国民营企业成长的关键.     

State-ownership and financial constraints on investment of Chinese-listed firms: new evidence

We examine how state-ownership affects financial constraints on investment of Chinese-listed firms during 1999–2008. We find that although an average sample firm experiences some degree of financial constraints, state-ownership does not necessarily help in reducing the firm's financial constraints on investment. Further evidence shows that state-ownership does not lead to more borrowing from the Chinese banking sector, implying that state-ownership does not necessarily reduce the firm's financial constraints via the state-controlled banking sector. We consider not only the standard factors in the investment equation, but also the firm's equity financing behaviour explicitly. The result is robust to both the conventional proxy for financial constraints, i.e. the investment–cash-flow sensitivity, and a recently developed proxy for financial constraints, i.e. the KZ index. Our results suggest that China's corporatisation movement is effective in that soft budget constraints once enjoyed by former state-owned enterprises have been removed along with the progress of corporatisation. These firms, although still state-involved, can be seen as modern corporations operating in a market environment.     

Does short selling affect a firm's financial constraints?

Using a sample of Chinese A-share listed firms from 2007‐2017, we examine the impact of short sales on a firm's financial constraints. We develop three conceptual frameworks, the negative information effect, the undervaluation effect, and the deterrent effect, based on the prevailing theories and conduct an in-depth empirical analysis using the difference-in-differences, propensity score matching, and instrumental variable methods. Our findings suggest that: (1) Short sales generally worsen a firm's financial constraints by reducing its ability of raising cheap and overvalued external capital. (2) A shortable firm's financial constraints deteriorate more seriously in the case of higher credit risk or information asymmetry. (3) When a firm becomes shortable, its negative media coverage increases, external financing cost rises, and the amount of new external financing decreases. (4) The adverse impact of short sales on financial constraints is more pronounced for inefficient state-owned firms and mainly concentrates in the short term. Collectively, these results support the underlying logic of the negative information effect. However, further analysis shows that: (1) The deterrent effect also exists but is much weaker than the negative information effect. (2) The strength of the two effects will “wan and wax” with time or circumstances. Thus, the deterrent effect may outweigh the negative information effect by easing a firm's financial constraints in some cases, such as in the long term after short sales deregulation and when short sales magnitude is low or the managers are more sensitive to the decline of stock price. Our paper provides new insights into the impact of shorts sales on financial constraints, revealing some unique Chinese features compared to the US market and offering valuable lessons to other emerging markets.     

Asymmetric Information and Risky Debt Maturity Choice

When capital market investors and firm insiders possess the same information about a company's prospects, its liabilities will be priced in a way that makes the firm indifferent to the composition of its financial liabilities (at least under certain, well-known circumstances). However, if firm insiders are systematically better informed than outside investors, they will choose to issue those types of securities that the market appears to overvalue most. Knowing this, rational investors will try to infer the insiders' information from the firm's financial structure. This paper evaluates the extent to which a firm's choice of risky debt maturity can signal insiders' information about firm quality. If financial market transactions are costless, a firm's financial structure cannot provide a valid signal. With positive transaction costs, however, high-quality firms can sometimes effectively signal their true quality to the market. The existence of a signalling equilibrium is shown to depend on the (exogenous) distribution of firms' quality and the magnitude of underwriting costs for corporate debt.     

Corporate investment during the financial crisis: Evidence from China

China's growth model suggests that the 2008 financial crisis may have affected the Chinese economy differently from what one observes in mature market economies. In this paper, we examine how Chinese corporate investment responded to the financial crisis by using 1689 listed nonfinancial firms during Q12006–Q32010. We document that (1) the overall impact of the financial crisis on Chinese corporate investment is negative; (2) among three channels conveying the effect of the financial crisis, namely, the demand channel, the financial constraints channel, and the uncertainty channel, the demand channel dominates; (3) financial assets held by a nonfinancial firm are important in explaining the firm's fixed investment behaviour; (4) as compared to non-state firms, state-controlled firms are less affected by the financial crisis and more active in engaging in financial assets investment; and (5) foreign ownership can be seen as a buffer against the negative effect of the financial crisis and foreign-involved Chinese firms are less active in financial assets investment as compared to domestic firms.     

土地财政抑制了企业创新吗?——基于信贷错配视角的分析

基于一般均衡框架,考量房价、土地财政与企业创新之间的关系。研究发现：金融市场存在摩擦时,土地作为重要的抵押资产,房价波动和土地财政会扭曲创新资源的配置,在短期和长期对创新产生不同的影响。短期房价上升通过土地财政推动政府支出增加和总产出扩张,同时带动了企业的研发投入。当面临新的投资机会时,企业可以通过出售房产,缓解流动性约束。但在长期,土地财政引致的政府债务挤出了企业信贷,部门间信贷错配抑制了企业研发投入,同时高房价会导致企业转移部分资源投资房产,部门内资源错配进一步抑制了企业创新,从而降低了长期经济增长率,政府增加土地供给,则会弱化政府债务对企业创新要素的挤出效应。     

What determines the composition of a firm's cash reserves?

We investigate what determines variation in the composition of the financial assets that constitute corporate cash reserves and how this variation relates to other key liquidity management practices. The degree to which a firm invests its cash reserves in less liquid, longer-maturity financial assets that earn a higher yield is explained by financial constraints, the ability to accurately forecast short-term liquidity needs, and the firm's likelihood of defaulting on its debt. During years when a firm's cash reserves are required to fund increases in investment or operating expenses the firm transfers funds from less liquid to more liquid financial assets. A firm's decisions relating to the composition of its cash reserves interacts with other key liquidity management practices, such as relying on credit lines for liquidity, extending trade credit or using it as a source of financing, and holding large amounts of inventories. Our findings provide insights on an important component of corporate liquidity management decisions.     

Institutional Monitoring: Evidence from the F‐Score

The extant literature shows that institutional investors engage in corporate governance to enhance a firm's long‐term value. Measuring firm performance using the F‐Score, we examine the persistent monitoring role of institutional investors and identify the financial aspects of a firm that institutional monitoring improves. We find strong evidence that long‐term institutions with large shareholdings consistently improve a firm's F‐Score and that such activity occurs primarily through the enhancement of the firm's operating efficiency. Other institutions reduce a firm's F‐Score. Moreover, we find evidence that, while monitoring institutions improve a firm's financial health, transient (followed by non‐transient) institutions trade on this information.     

制造业服务化如何影响企业竞争优势 ——基于企业加成率视角的研究

基于2000-2013年中国制造业投入服务化和企业加成率的测算构建计量模型,采用制造业企业数据实证检验制造业投入服务化对企业竞争优势的影响.结果显示:制造业投入服务化与企业加成率呈倒U型关系,中国当前制造业服务化水平总体上还处于倒U型曲线左侧,对企业加成率主要表现为正向效应;在改变估计方法、考虑潜在内生性问题、剔除关键变量极端值后进行估计,结果依然稳健.进一步的机制检验表明,成本降低是制造业服务化提高企业加成率的中介渠道.     

Strategic interaction of capital structures: A spatial econometric approach

In this article, we suggest an alternative setting for empirically examining firms' strategic interaction in choosing their capital structure. Following Lyandres (2006)'s theoretical model, this article explicitly focuses on how the competitive interaction in output market may induce a firm to take the rival firms' capital structure into account in deciding its own capital structure. It is also shown that the direction of such strategic response depends on whether the output market competition is in strategic substitutes or in strategic complements. A spatial regression model is introduced to test the relationship between firms' financial choices and their product market strategies. The empirical evidence suggests that inclusion of the spatially lagged term of a firm's leverage could be empirically significant in explaining the optimal choice of a firm's financial structure.     

Earnings Momentum,Adaptation Value,and Nonlinearities in the Valuation of Chinese Equity Stocks

We demonstrate that when the variables comprising a firm's investment opportunity set depend on their past values then the present value of the cash flows the firm expects to earn will be stated in terms of the levels and the momentum of the affected variables. It is also shown that the market value of a firm's equity is comprised of the present value of the cash flows it expects to earn from operating under its existing investment opportunity set plus the value of the real options the firm possesses to modify or even completely change its existing investment opportunity set. Our empirical analysis, based on both Chinese and US data, shows that earnings momentum and the adaptation and growth options typically available to firms all appear to have a significant impact on equity prices.