XBRL财务报告审计模型及实现机制:一种框架研究

本文探讨了可扩展商业报告语言(eXtensible Business Reporting Language,以下简称XBRL)财务报告和传统财务报告并存环境下和XBRL财务报告替代传统报告环境下的审计框架模型以及应对机制。本文认为在二者并存环境下,审计人员的基本职责是确定被审计单位管理层对XBRL财务报告中商业事实、元素映射和元素拓展三个层次的认定是否恰当;在替代环境下,创建审计信息分类标准是XBRL财务报告审计得以高效率、低风险实施的保证机制;审计工作底稿将审计目标、审计程序和审计认定三位一体地结合起来,以审计人员熟悉的审计工作底稿来组织和构造审计分类标准更可行、更易用。     

浅谈基于XBRL的网络财务报告的应用

大部分业内人士认为,管理会计不再应该是以财务会计为基础,而是财务会计建立在管理会计之上。在2009年4月13日,美国证券交易委员会要求最大的500家上市公司以XBRL标记格式来作为财务信息披露,这意味着,XBRL网络报告的应用已被强制生效。另一方面。国际会计准则委员会在其最新发布的国际财务报告准则分类标准2009版中,使用XBRL来诠释国际财务报告准则,而其基金会在一份声明中表示,新的分类标准将进一步完善,压缩了文件大小,并缩短了下载所需时间。可以看出,XBRL网络财务报告技术不仅在企业的内部管理和决策系统中得到了广泛应用,并且在应用过程中得到了不断的改进。     

XBRL对财务报告的革命性突破

文章指出了传统财务报告存在的问题,介绍了XBRL的原理,并详细分析了XBRL对财务报告的重大突破。     

XBRL财务报告分类标准评价——基于财务报告分类与公司偏好的报告实务的匹配性研究

XBRL是网络财务报告向高级阶段发展的技术基础,可以改进信息的编报和使用。然而,XBRL财务报告生成和应用的一个关键问题是采用的财务报告分类与公司偏好的报告实务间能否很好的匹配,匹配性差将导致信息损失。本文仅针对财务报表附注项目,将12个行业117个上市公司2005年年报中披露的项目与上交所制定的《中国上市公司信息披露分类》标准中定义的相应标记匹配,发现二者间存在着较大的差异,并且行业间的差异不显著。我们认为XBRL网络财务报告目前还不适宜全面应用,当务之急是进一步修改完善分类标准。     

上市银行XBRL财务报告现状及存在的问题

信息质量可靠是XBRL财务报告发展的根本动力。XBRL报告已在我国上市公司全面实施,因此需要对XBRL报告信息披露现状进行分析评价。本文通过对上海证券交易所上市银行XBRL报告与PDF报告的比较发现,XBRL报告存在报表项目漏报、报表项目错报、报表项目顺序排列错误、金额错报和漏报、金额符号错误、合计金额错误等六种问题。进而,就如何解决XBRL报告问题本文提出了一些建议,主要包括:改进XBRL报告报送系统、进一步推广应用XBRL分类标准、加强上市公司XBRL应用能力的培训、实现会计信息系统与XBRL的有效链接,同时还需要发展XBRL鉴证业务以进一步确保XBRL报告的可靠性。     

网络财务报告：XBRL标准的理论基础研究

XBRL研发中由于没有一个现成的概念框架予以指导和规范,导致的问题是建立的信息标准缺乏必要的理论支持,XBRL报告的内部组织也缺乏必要的层次和结构,信息之间的关系得不到合理解释。目前无论是国际还是国内,从会计角度研究XBRL基本理论都处于起步和探索阶段,本文将会计理论、数据库理论相结合。尝试建立了以财务信息元素为结构的XBRL理论体系,并对该理论体系的逻辑关系和层次结构进行了论证。该理论无论在国际还是国内都是首次提出并加以论证的,我们认为它不仅仅可以作为财务报告系统信息标准开发的理论基础,也适用于作为簿记系统、交易和事项系统信息标准开发的理论基础。     

财务报告舞弊的博弈分析与创新性的财务报告手段XBRL

本文基于博弈论的视角,建立了企业财务舞弊和监管部门之间的博弈模型,并针对纳什均衡的结果,为财务报告舞弊治理提出了一种创新性的财务报告手段——XBRL,以提高财务报告的真实性和可靠性。     

XBRL财务报告分类标准的架构模型研究

分类标准是XBRL技术的核心部分,是生成和解读实例文档的基础,也是影响各地区或行业XBRL技术应用效果的关键因素。本文对国际上典型的XBRL分类标准进行了系统的研究,提出了分类标准的四种架构模型,为各国家、行业主管部门和企事业单位制定相关分类标准提供了理论指导。     

基于XBRL环境网络财务报告网页呈现质量实证研究

具有信息披露有效性和网站适航性的服务平台是高质量XBRL网络财务的基础。为分析XBRL网络财务报告示范服务平台的呈现效果,本文采用专家咨询法对服务平台的质量进行了评分,在此基础上对上海证券交易所、深圳证券交易所、台湾证券交易所、以色列证券交易所和美国证券交易委员会等所设置的XBRL示范服务平台从信息质量特征和网站适航性等方面进行比较与分析,提出了改进中国XBRL环境网络财务报告网页呈现质量的政策建议。     

XBRL与审计鉴证业务的相互影响及对策研究

XBRL技术应用于财务领域使很多人开始关注其会产生怎样的影响,因此对其的研究也迅速展开。2011年我国发布了《企业会计准则通用分类标准》,之后又对XBRL推行进行了具体部署,在未来的不久,XBRL财务报告必将在会计领域全面推进。本文就是在这一背景下对XBRL财务报告与审计鉴证业务的关系进行研究并提出审计未来的应对策略。     

CAP Forum on E‐Business: Assurance Reporting for XML‐Based Information Services: XARL (Extensible Assurance Reporting Language)*

Extensible business reporting language (XBRL) is an XML‐based method for financial reporting. XBRL was developed to provide users with an efficient and effective means of preparing and exchanging financial information over the Internet. However, like other unprotected data coded in XML, XBRL (document) files (henceforth “documents") are vulnerable to threats against their integrity. Anyone can easily create and manipulate an XBRL document without authorization. In addition, business and financial information in XBRL can be misinterpreted, or used without the organization's consent or knowledge. Extensible assurance reporting language (XARL) was developed by Boritz and No (2003) to enable assurance providers to report on the integrity of XBRL documents distributed over the Internet. Providing assurance on XBRL documents using XARL could help users and companies reduce the uncertainty about the integrity of those documents and provide users with trustworthy information that they could place warranted reliance upon. A limitation of the initial conception of XARL was its tight linkage with the XBRL document and the comparatively primitive approach to codifying the XARL taxonomy. In this paper, we have reconceptualized the idea of XARL as a stand‐alone service for providing assurance on potentially any XML‐based information being shared over the Internet. While our illustrative application in this paper continues to be XBRL‐coded financial information, the code that underlies this version of XARL is a significant revision of our earlier implementation of XARL, is compatible with the latest version of XBRL, and moves XARL into the Web services arena.     

XBRL for Financial Reporting: Evidence on Italian GAAP versus IFRS

The systematic adoption of the eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) for financial reporting represents a great challenge. Worldwide, a large number of regulators are making an effort to promote the adoption of this standard to simplify and enhance the communication of financial information. This requires the definition of well‐structured taxonomies that can standardize and accommodate the content of financial reports prepared by firms. This study aims to analyze the regulator‐led adoption of XBRL for financial reporting. It examines the XBRL taxonomies used by Italian firms to reflect their financial reporting under rule‐based Italian GAAP and principles‐based International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). We compare the alignment of the Italian GAAP taxonomy and the IFRS taxonomy with Italian companies' financial statements and find two different levels of fit. The results offer useful insights for regulators and policy makers in prescribing or establishing appropriate taxonomies. We illustrate the potential impacts of the different taxonomies on the quality of financial reporting in terms of comparability and potential loss of information.     

Issues with the communication and integrity of audit reports when financial reporting shifts to an information-centric paradigm

A core application of XBRL is to facilitate the flow of tagged financial statements and annual reports, from companies and other entities directly to the databases, web sites, and computers of regulators, stakeholders and other information consumers. Increasingly, XBRL provides the technological foundation for the communication of financial information where there is independent assurance. This XBRL-based assurance may be on the financial statements (i.e., an electronically consumable form of today's standard PDF or HTML audit report) or focus on the quality of the XBRL exhibit (i.e., the instance document). Regardless of the type of XBRL assurance report, maintenance of the security and integrity of the instance document is paramount. This conceptual paper identifies and discusses the communication, security challenges and relevant research issues when there is independent assurance on financial statements formatted in XBRL. Successful electronic communication of assurance to information consumers should clearly distinguish the responsibilities of management (i.e., the financial statements) and the auditor (i.e., the audit report). It is important to have an integrated approach where the assurance report, financial statements and other reports in which facts in the financial statements are incorporated are inextricably tied at the level of automated data consumption. Further, as much as possible, human interaction should be accommodated. The paper sets out a range of alternatives for maintenance of security on the assurance report.     

Towards the global adoption of XBRL using International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)

XBRL is a language based on XML for the electronic communication of business information. It is designed to improve the exchange, aggregation and analysis of corporate data requiring disclosure, through a unique tagging structure that provides interoperability. But, the proliferation of a multitude of XBRL taxonomies, based on different accounting principles, can risk the objectives of standardization, comparability and re-usability of the information that is sought with XBRL. It is therefore essential to develop global accounting standards as a unique foundation on which the XBRL taxonomies can be established, so that it becomes possible to compare the financial information originating from various countries. Along these lines, the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS-GP) taxonomy was created to establish a common ground for international firms and create a platform that would enhance the benefits of XBRL. This paper examines whether the IFRS-GP taxonomy, at its current state, adequately covers European companies' dissemination practices and strengthens the benefits of XBRL. Our results provide implications for the evaluation of the effectiveness of the IFRS-GP taxonomy and shed light on directions that may lead to the improvement of this taxonomy.     

IFRS Taxonomy and financial reporting practices: The case of Italian listed companies

XBRL taxonomies have a crucial role in digital financial reporting. On the one hand, they provide a unique set of computer-readable tags to allow the interchange of interactive information. On the other hand, a systematic, agreed-upon convention for naming each taxonomy tag is needed. In this context, the IFRS Foundation is playing a relevant role in developing well-structured taxonomies, which could simultaneously favor both the interoperability and the homogenization of the firms' financial information at the global level. Due to its importance, XBRL is being applied in many countries, but according to different implementation schemas.In this study, we attempt to verify if the IFRS Taxonomy released by the IFRS Foundation adequately reflects the reporting practices of the Italian listed companies for which XBRL is not yet required. The results reveal a general discrepancy between the financial items disclosed by the companies and the taxonomy tags. Specifically, we noticed that the financial statements items are more disaggregated than the taxonomy tags and that this depends on the sector and the size of the companies. Unless the XBRL implementation system explicitly allows companies to use and disclose taxonomy extensions, a loss of detailed information occurs if the taxonomy is applied.     

分类标准FRTA校验的分析研究

财务报告分类标准架构(F inanc ial Reporting Taxonomy Arch itecture,FRTA)规范是XBRL国际组织2005年发布的技术规范,它规定了分类标准的建模规则。本文针对国际财务报告准则基金会(IFRSF)的分类标准IFRS 20100630版,以及中国财政部的企业会计准则通用分类标准CAS 20100930版,进行了与FRTA规范合规性的校验分析,从而提出FRTA规范应该随着XBRL技术规范的不断更新进行内容上的修订与改进,同时XBRL处理工具的校验机制也应该针对XBRL技术规范的更新进行修改与维护。     

The Israeli XBRL Adoption Experience

eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) is a language for the electronic communication of business and financial data which is revolutionizing business reporting around the world. It is a tool to bridge potential language barriers and unify financial reporting. This has appeal to foreign investors, among others, who can rely on information in XBRL‐tagged financial reports to make investment decisions without having to translate financial statements from local language. In 2008, Israel required most public companies to adopt International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) for financial reporting and to use XBRL‐tagged reporting format, as part of an aggressive effort to make its capital markets more transparent and attractive for foreign investors. In this paper, we study all Israeli public companies and analyze the accuracy and reliability of their XBRL‐tagged financial statements that are available on MAGNA, the Israel Securities Authority's electronic system. We describe the process by which the XBRL‐based data were collected and reported. We document, categorize, and analyze deficiencies in the XBRL‐tagged filings, and inconsistencies between them and the Hebrew‐based annual reports. We observe pervasive data entry errors resulting in inaccurate XBRL‐generated financial reports, which went undetected for over one year. Further, first year XBRL reporting (in conjunction with IFRS adoption) did not increase foreign investment in the Israeli capital markets. This analysis allows us to better understand the benefits and challenges of the adoption of XBRL.