Market entry barriers in China

Although industrial economists and strategy theorists provide a considerable amount of research regarding market entry barriers in the context of industrialized countries such as those in North America and Western Europe, few studies focus on entry barriers in the business context of China. Consequently, an understanding of the barriers to entry to Chinese markets as perceived by Chinese business executives is limited in the marketing literature. This research, based on the development and administration of a self-completed survey of one hundred and ninety three Chinese executives, attempts to ascertain the dimensions and order of importance of market entry barriers in this context. The findings of the research indicate seven dimensions of marketing entry barriers and show that business executives in China perceive advertising effects as the most important entry barrier and capital requirements as the least important.     

Market entry into Africa: Acquisitions and international joint ventures. Studies of foreign firms' market entry strategies,challenges, and performance in Africa

While the interest in investing in Africa is rising, the know‐how of business on the continent is very limited. There have been only recently few special issues focusing on sub‐Saharan Africa in the top international business journals: “Sub‐Saharan Africa at a key inflection point” (Thunderbird International Business Review 2009); “Contemporary developments in the management of human resources in Africa” (Journal of World Business 2011); “Contemporary challenges and opportunities of doing business in Africa” (Journal of Technological Forecasting and Social Change 2016); “Critical perspectives on international business in Africa (Critical Perspectives on International Business 2016); “Strategic Management in Africa (Global Strategy Journal, 2017); and “The internationalization of African firms (Thunderbird International Business Review 2016). The aim of this special issue is to advance understanding of international business in Africa and specifically focus on how foreign firms enter African markets via acquisitions and international joint ventures and extend knowledge of these market entry strategies and performance in Africa for research and for foreign firms intending to, or currently doing business in Africa. This guest editorial provides a summary of the five articles and one book review in this special issue categorized into three broad thematic issues: International joint ventures and acquisitions as market entry strategies in Africa; cross‐border investments of African firms; and theoretical underpinnings.     

Perceptions regarding strategic and structural entry barriers

This article uses factor analysis to identify the underlying dimensions of strategic and structural entry barriers. We find that, in the perception of firms, both types of barriers are important and that the effectiveness of strategic barriers depends on attributes of the market structure. Based on the seven generic factors, a conjoint analysis is carried out to identify the most important factors perceived by firms. The conjoint analysis shows that in particular the barriers rooted in three underlying dimensions require attention of market authorities as they may prevent new entrants from entry: capital, access to distribution channels and strategic action. Remarkably, government rules and regulations, product differentiation, research and development (R&D) and advertising constitute minor entry problems according to firms.     

日本东京筑地鱼市风情

日本是世界第一渔业大国，自古以来，鱼产品就是日本人的重要食物来源，世界上最大的水产品商场——筑地中央批发市场就坐落在东京。     

Market entry decisions in China

Since the inception of the open‐door policy, in 1978, China has acted as a magnet for firms wishing to locate there to gain access to the billion plus consumers. However, the scramble to establish a presence in the country has led firms to make a number of hasty decisions, to revise their plans, and in some cases, to withdraw from the market. Research in the PRC, primarily in Shanghai, among leading international consumer goods firms has revealed a variety of shortcomings in our practical understanding of the internationalization process and the theoretical underpinning of the market entry decisions that emerge. It has also yielded insights into how adaptation to the advancing PRC business environment may be successfully effected. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Individual strategies in a market entry game

Quantitatively trained Ph.D. students participated in three replications of a 20-trial market entry game in which each agent has two pure strategies—to enter the market or stay out of the market—and the individual payoff depends on the size of the set of active agents entering the market. With experience, subjects adhered more strictly to pure strategies, which although markedly different from one to the other combined to form distributions supporting a Nash equilibrium solution to the game.     

透析中俄边贸障碍 加速合作战略升级

自俄罗斯独立以来,中俄双边关系稳步发展,边境贸易成为构架两国相互理解和信任、协调和合作的重要途径之一。然而,边贸发展历程与双边关系并不合拍。作为中俄双边关系的重要组成部分的边境贸易一波三折,大起大落,本文将对两国边境贸易存在的问题及如何应对进行研究和探讨。     

China, India, Japan and ROK in Middle East Oil Market

Both will benefit if uniting together,while both will be hurt if fighting with each other.     

关于绿色壁垒的新战略思考

21世纪是绿色文明的时代。近年来绿色壁垒对我国外贸的发展带来了极大的挑战，文章从理性角度全面分析论述了绿色壁垒对我国主要出口行业的消极影响，并提出了若干新策略。     

Market attractiveness,resource-based capabilities,venture strategies,and venture performance

This research seeks to identify variables that should be related to venture performance. It is hypothesized that both market attractiveness and resource-based capabilities are directly related to new venture performance. In addition, specific resource-based capabilities are hypothesized to be directly related to the competitive strategies chosen by a firm. Finally, the “fit” between strategies and resource-based capabilities is hypothesized to be related to venture performance.The sample consisted of all manufacturing businesses (SIC codes 20–39) started or reorganized in the corporate form between 1980 and 1991 in nine counties in northwestern Pennsylvania, as identified by a major marketing research service. Of the 800 companies surveyed, completed questionnaires were returned for 155, representing a 19% response rate. The 155 responding companies had a median age of 5 years with a median of 15 employees. The major products of companies in the sample included flour, lumber, household and office furniture, plastic containers, tools and dies, ready mixed concrete, pipe fittings, measuring devices, paint and varnish, machine tools, electroplate, carbon and graphite composite products, plastic laminated products, circuit boards, electronic components, and parts for internal combustion engines.In general, the results confirm the validity of the measures of environmental and organizational characteristics as we have adapted them for new ventures. As hypothesized, perceived market attractiveness and the overall abundance of resource-based capabilities were significantly related to venture performance. Also, in two of three cases, the evidence suggests that specific resource-based capabilities are related to the firm's stated competitive strategies. Finally, although the relationship between “fit” and performance is not supported in all cases, the performance of the emerging manufacturing ventures included in this sample appears to be enhanced when resource-based capabilities are supportive of a cost leadership strategy and when firms seeking to differentiate based on product and service quality have the resource-based capabilities to support that strategy. The results of this emerging research stream will make an important contribution to our understanding of the factors that impact firm performance. For scholars the results provide additional information needed to develop comprehensive new venture performance models. A clear understanding of the factors that have a strong influence on venture performance will enable practitioners to better identify viable business opportunities and academicians to provide potential business founders with tools to help them recognize opportunity. In addition, the identification of appropriate levels of abstraction will provide building blocks for future research that seeks to integrate environmental and firm-level constructs.     

Market entry and international propagation of business cycles

In this paper, pro-cyclical market entry acts as an international transmission mechanism for business cycle shocks. In an imperfectly competitive dynamic equilibrium model, an expansion in one open economy leads to additional business formation in a parallel large open economy through demand spillovers. Business formation causes a decline in markups leading to an expansion in employment, production, and investment in both economies. The modeling of the entry decision is critical. Only when the entry game is modelled as sequential (with incumbents enjoying a first mover advantage) are markups sufficiently elastic to cause international comovement.     

临海木制品出口遭遇的贸易壁垒及应对策略

木制品是浙江临海市传统的出口产品之一,近年来出口平稳增长,但也面临较大的出口阻力。本文分析了近年来临海市出口木制品产业的发展现状,梳理了各主要贸易国家针对木制品设置的贸易壁垒,以期寻找恰当的应对策略。     

入世后面临的棘手问题

体制过去几年中,中国的体制改革采取两条腿走路的方针:即在逐步推进国企改革的同时,引进按市场经济机制运行的外资企业,允许私人和民营企业发展,在总体上逐步增加按市场经济条件下运行的企业数量和产值比重,让市场经济规律在资源配置方面发挥作用。WTO 是以市场经济为运作基础     

Technology transfers and optimal entry strategies for the multinational firm

This paper analyses the choice of full versus shared ownership of the production affiliate made by Italian multinationals in Asia, based on an entirely new firm-level dataset, constructed by the author. The decision to internalise production, rather than relying on a local partner, is driven by the threat of Dissipation of Intangible Assets, both at a theoretical and an empirical level. In particular, we show that full ownership is more likely to emerge in Asia for Italian firms endowed with better technology and human capital, or belonging to high tech sectors.     

Preventing competition using side payments: when non-neutrality creates barriers to entry

Network neutrality is often advocated by content providers, stressing that side payments to Internet Service Providers would hinder innovation. However, we also observe some content providers actually paying those fees. This paper intends to explain such behaviors through economic modeling, illustrating how side payments can be a way for an incumbent content provider to prevent new competitors from entering the market. We investigate the conditions under which the incumbent can benefit from such a barrier-to-entry, and the consequences of that strategic behavior on the other actors: content providers, users, and the Internet Service Provider. We also describe how the Nash bargaining solution concept can be used to determine the side payment.     

品牌国际化的三种市场进入战略

进入难易分析 中国品牌国际化首先要考虑的问题是进入什么国家和地区.为了做出正确的选择,必须对当前世界经济的格局有一个基本认识.我们认为目前世界市场可以分为三个层次:第一层次是以欧、美、日为代表的发达国家市场;第二个层次是以东欧、南非、印度尼西亚等为代表的中等发达国家市场;第三个层次是以印度、越南等为代表的不发达国家市场.三个不同层次的国家和地区市场各有特点.     

发达国家技术性壁垒应对策略分析

技术性壁垒措施已日益成为国际贸易中最隐蔽、最棘手、最难对付的贸易障碍之一,长期的顺差又让我国成为发达国家技术性壁垒主要受害国.为此,本文先从内外两个方面分析我国遭受发达国家技术性壁垒的原因,再从政府、行业协会、企业的角度提出相应的应对策略.     

试析我国农牧业对“绿色壁垒”的因应方略

当今世界，环境与生态保护日益成为人们关注的焦点。人们不仅追求物质生活的富裕，还要讲究生存环境的质量，追求人与自然的和谐统一与可持续发展。通过“绿色条款”限制乃至禁止对环境有害的产品、服务等的进口，将环保与贸易直接挂钩，是WTO为解决环境问题而采取的诸多措施之一。这一做法原本无可厚非，因为”绿色条款”本身是善意的，出发点也是积极的；但现实当中”绿色条款”却往往被某些国