中央银行：选择什么目标，需要什么工具

本文围绕中央银行的多重货币政策目标和多种货币政策工具的选择问题,重点对中央银行是否应当直接以经济活动作为货币政策目标、兼顾金融稳定、关注汇率以及如何应对名义利率下限等四个问题展开讨论。     

论我国频繁使用存款准备金政策的动因--对传统金融理论的新解释

我国中央银行频繁运用存款准备金政策进行货币政策操作,这一迥异于传统金融理论做法的背后,是对我国特殊的经济金融环境的适应性实践。对这一货币政策工具运用实践,既要考虑政策效果和央行可控性,也要对货币政策实施成本作出理性选择,还需结合我国经济金融环境进行适应性考量。因此,我们应基于货币政策工具实施效果与当时当地货币政策实施条件来决定货币政策工具的使用方式。     

我国货币政策透明度的实践及问题研究

提高货币政策透明度有利于加强货币政策的可信性和有效传递,因而受到了各国的重视。我国货币政策透明度的实践及实证分析结果表明,提高货币政策透明度具有积极的效用。然而,当前总体上我国货币政策透明度还不高,还存在着目标不透明、信息披露不完全、决策不公开等一系列问题。因此,如何提高货币政策透明度成为当前央行亟待解决的问题。     

收益率曲线控制的历史演进、理论基础及影响

近期收益率曲线控制问题引起业界广泛关注.为此,全面回顾了收益率曲线控制的历史,并阐述了收益率曲线控制的思想渊源、存在的争议及传导机制,以构建收益率曲线控制的理论基础.收益率曲线控制影响经济增长的传导机制可能有信号效应、组合再平衡效应、流量效应、财富效应.我国未来如果广泛实施收益率曲线控制可能会产生以下影响:一是促进经济复苏,二是资产价格大幅上涨,三是金融风险加大,四是宏观杠杆率大幅上升,五是损害央行信誉.     

货币政策不确定性、风险承担与银行信贷期限

基于中国商业银行的微观数据,构建面板回归模型,考察货币政策不确定性对银行信贷期限的影响及其作用机制。研究发现：货币政策不确定性对银行信贷期限具有缩减效应。货币政策不确定性加大了银行风险承担,促使银行更倾向于短期信贷配置决策而引致信贷期限缩减效应,“货币政策不确定性—风险承担—银行信贷期限”的传导渠道有效。此外,宏观审慎政策、跨境资本流动及银行家乐观度均能够负向调节货币政策不确定性引发的信贷期限缩减效应。基于此,为防控以信贷期限为特征的时间维度的银行业系统性风险,应建立及完善货币政策与宏观审慎政策相互协作调控的双支柱政策框架,并优化跨境资本开放时序以及构建基于货币政策感受指数的银行家乐观度监测机制。     

当前我国银行监管职能不宜从中央银行分离

当前 ,银行监管职能是否从中央银行分离成为国内外理论界的热门话题。本文从理论角度和现实国情两个方面 ,阐明了当前我国不宜进行银行监管职能从中央银行分离的改革 ,认为我国的当务之急应是如何在现有框架下有效协调银行监管与货币政策的关系问题。     

Monetary Policy Stress in EMU: What Role for Fundamentals and Missed Forecasts?

This article reexamines the problem of monetary policy stress in the EMU. In addition to estimating the amount of stress in particular countries, we investigate its sources by breaking it down into its “fundamental” parts, covering how it is a result of country-specific macroeconomic divergences and the EMU-wide “non-fundamental” component, with special attention given to the role of missed forecasts. Our results confirm that peripheral countries were exposed to risks emerging from low interest rates while the “core” countries did not suffer from much monetary policy stress. Interestingly, the bulk of it was non-fundamental, i.e., not caused by inflation and output gap differentials between countries. We show that missed forecasts did make an important contribution to this part of the stress and were mainly responsible for pushing the interest rate below its rule-consistent level.     

Measuring monetary policy and its impact on the bond market of an emerging economy

In view of multiple instruments used by many central banks in emerging market economies (EMEs), we derive a composite measure of monetary policy for India and assess its impact on the yield curve. Our results show that while monetary policy has the dominant impact among macroeconomic variables on the entire term structure, it is particularly strong at the shorter end and on credit spreads. Shifts in the level of the government yield curve and credit spreads also lead to changes in monetary policy. In terms of robustness, our measure performs better than a narrative-based measure of monetary policy available in the literature.     

美联储百年沧桑:目标、框架与可信度

在美联储成立百年之际,现任美联储主席伯南克系统回顾了过去100年中美联储在政策目标、政策框架、可信度和沟通方面的变革。成立初期,美联储以维护金融稳定为目标的政策框架主要受实质票据学说和金本位制度的影响。大萧条时期,促进就业和价格稳定逐渐成为美联储的新目标。大通胀和大通缩时期,获得货币政策独立性的美联储控制通胀的能力逐步成熟。大稳健时期,货币政策目标和框架更加清晰,货币政策透明度逐渐提高。金融危机以来,维持金融稳定上升到与货币政策同等重要的位置,货币政策透明度明显改善,预期管理日益重要。未来,中央银行的理念和实践还将不断变革。     

央行沟通、宏观经济环境与企业投资——利率渠道、信贷渠道与预期渠道货币政策的对比分析

本文对比研究央行沟通对企业投资的短周期引导能力。结果显示:在短周期内由于传导时滞,利率渠道的货币政策难以引导企业增加投资;信贷渠道的货币政策对企业投资有一定的引导作用;央行沟通能够通过预期渠道引导企业投资,但单独实行央行沟通的引导作用仍然有限。如果在进行央行沟通的同时配合信贷政策影响企业持有现金,就可能在短周期引导企业增加投资。此外,企业财务杠杆会减弱央行沟通的效果,企业投资价值对央行沟通效果没有显著影响。     

Monetary Policy Uncertainty and the Response of the Yield Curve to Policy Shocks

This paper studies the nonlinear response of the term structure of interest rates to monetary policy shocks and presents a new stylized fact. We show that uncertainty about monetary policy changes the way the term structure responds to monetary policy. A policy tightening leads to a significantly smaller increase in long-term bond yields if policy uncertainty is high at the time of the shock. We also look at the decomposition of bond yields into expectations about future policy and the term premium. The weaker response of yields is driven by the fall in term premia, which fall more strongly if uncertainty about policy is high. Conditional on a monetary policy shock, higher uncertainty about monetary policy tends to make securities with longer maturities relatively more attractive to investors. As a consequence, investors demand even lower term premia. These findings are robust to the measurement of monetary policy uncertainty, the definition of the monetary policy shock, and to changing the model specification.     

数字金融、银行信贷渠道与货币政策传导

作为新兴金融业态,数字金融发展会对既有金融体系带来怎样的冲击和影响?聚焦于货币政策传导机制这一宏观命题,立足于我国以银行信贷渠道为主导的数量型中介,运用我国商业银行、A股上市公司的微观面板数据,本文深度剖析了数字金融发展与货币政策银行信贷渠道传导之间的内在联系和影响机理。研究发现:(1)数字金融发展显著弱化了货币政策银行信贷渠道的传导效应,采用工具变量法克服内生性和控制影子银行变量等一系列稳健性检验后的结果依然支持该结论。(2)具体而言,数字金融削弱银行信贷渠道传导效果是通过改变银行资产负债结构和弱化实体企业对银行贷款的依赖而实现的。(3)上述弱化效应在以城市和农村商业银行为主的中小型金融机构以及低资本、低流动性和低报酬的银行中尤为突出。     

银行资本、经济周期和货币政策文献综述

银行资本自身具有顺周期变化的特点,监管当局的资本监管一般会导致信贷供给更为严重的顺周期性,并放大经济冲击,因此在经济高涨期,必须高度关注信贷快速扩张的潜在后果。银行资本的顺周期变化也会使货币政策效果表现出非对称性,造成经济周期的不同阶段货币政策的效果不同,中央银行和监管当局政策目标的差异往往也会导致短期银行资本监管与货币政策内的潜在冲突,但长期目标是一致的。我国正逐步实施巴塞尔新资本协议,相关国际研究成果值得梳理和借鉴。     

后危机时代美欧货币政策的成效分析与诱因比较

美国金融海啸与欧元区主权债务危机的爆发推动了非传统货币政策工具的运用,改变了发达国家对危机前货币政策的共识。央行资产负债表变动和前瞻性指引成了危机期间美欧频繁使用的量化宽松政策,这些政策使美国从金融海啸中走出来并重拾经济复兴之路。但欧元区主权债务危机的反复爆发和传染表明,这些政策要充分发挥作用尚需要超国家的欧洲政治经济机构的整合。美国的成功取决于美国联邦政府和货币机构作为一个整体,愿意共同合作并做出对国家最有利的事情,而且共同服从国家利益的观念得到社会普遍的认可和尊重。欧元区走不出危机泥潭、经济继续衰退主要源于：一是危机解决的公共品属性诱发了成员国的集体行动和道德风险;二是货币政策引发的利益冲突与强权政治的影响;三是作为一个松散的联邦,当共同面对危机问题时,缺乏一个超国家的权威政府,能够在促进公共利益上做出正确的政策决策。     

How successful are banking sector reforms in emerging market economies? Evidence from impact of monetary policy on levels and structures of firm debt in India

Many emerging markets have undertaken significant financial sector reforms, especially in their banking sectors, that are critical for both financial development and real economic activity. In this paper, we investigate the success of banking reforms in India where significant banking reforms were implemented during the 1990s. Using the argument that well-functioning credit markets would reflect a credit channel for monetary policy at work, we test whether a change in monetary policy has a predictable impact on borrowing behaviour of several types of firms, including business group affiliated, unaffiliated private firms, state-owned firms and foreign firms. The empirical results suggest that unaffiliated private firms have the most vulnerable to monetary policy stance during tight policy regimes. We also find that during tight monetary policy regimes, bank credit of smaller firms is more sensitive to changes in the interest rate than that of large firms. In an easy money regime, monetary policy and the associated change in interest rate does not affect change in bank credit, change in total debt and the proportion of bank credit in total debt for any of the firms. We discuss the policy implications of the findings.