大型水利工程的生态调度探讨

随着社会的发展和进步,生态的管理和可持续发展问题成为了人们关注的热点问题.水利工程的建设和管理过程中,不容忽视的一点就是对生态的调度和管理,做好关于生态调度方方面面的工作.本文就从水利工程的生态调度管理问题出发,并结合相关的水利工程建设和发展问题进行相应的探讨,以供大家交流与参考.     

欧盟观察（来自欧盟的最新动态）

欧盟绿色周：城市是解决世界环境问题的关键;报告与出版物;     

The Liberalisation of Rail Transport in the EU

On 1 January 2007 the European rail freight market, which has long suffered from fragmentation and a declining share of total transport services, will be fully opened to competition. What will be the consequences for the transport sector and the economy as whole? What further measures are needed to stabilise or increase the railways' share in the freight market? * Member and speaker of the EPP-ED Group (Christian Democrats) in the Committee on Transport and Tourism; rapporteur of the European Parliament responsible for railway issues. ** Views expressed here are not those of NDU or Minnesota.     

Cost of regulation and impact of EU membership on policy enforcement

Recent public debate on the costs and benefits of EU membership has focused more on the costs and less on the benefits. This paper explores the benefits from improved regulatory or policy implementation and enforcement. If actual regulatory enforcement differs from the socially optimal level, membership of a regional bloc that strengthens accountability mechanisms can improve the quality of implemented regulation. However, if the regional bloc tends to over-regulate, the overall increase in the regulatory burden, together with strengthened accountability, will move a country farther away from its socially optimal state. Membership of the EU is beneficial for countries with weak enforcement institutions, but it may worsen the welfare of countries with strong regulatory institutions. Infringement statistics indicate that no member state of the EU has a perfect record in implementation and enforcement.     

The cyclical impact of EU cohesion policy in fast growing EU countries

Most of the newly acceded central and east European EU countries are among the main beneficiaries of EU Cohesion Policy. The main objective of this policy is to improve the long-term growth and employment prospects of the supported regions, and thereby to support convergence towards higher levels of per capita income. In the short run, however, EU Cohesion Policy may at times amplify macroeconomic challenges for supported countries. In periods of a downturn of the economy it can have a stabilising impact. During periods of unsustainably fast economic growth, however, its short-term demand effects may contribute to internal and/or external macroeconomic imbalances. Economic policymakers should thus ensure that EU Cohesion Policy enhances long-term productivity, while avoiding, in times of overheating, an increased risk of unsustainable developments as a result of the additional demand stimulus from EU Cohesion Policy. The opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Central Bank. The authors are grateful to Martin Bijsterbosch, Gesa Miehe-Nordmeyer, Ad van Riet, Philipp Rother and Desom Weller for their helpful comments.     

欧盟金融服务离岸外包:现状、特点与趋势

近年来,金融服务外包已成为全球金融业的一大发展趋势,并引起欧盟经济社会的广泛关注．欧盟金融服务业在离岸外包的机遇和挑战中积极参与全球竞争。因此分析欧盟金融服务离岸外包的发展现状和趋势,欧盟银行服务外包的模式、业务范围和动机,讨论银行业务外包所涉及的主要风险以及相关的监管原则和措施,以及研究欧盟金融服务外包市场的特点与发展前景,均对我国发展服务外包承接业务有参考意义。     

The Brexit Dynamics: British and EU27 Challenges After the EU Referendum

Prior to the Brexit referendum, the UK government sent an information brochure to households across the country. Surprisingly, key findings of a study by the UK Treasury — including an expected per capita income loss of £1800 — were not included in the brochure. Calculations indicate that if this information had been included, the outcome of the referendum would have been 52.1% for Remain. Instead, the pro-Brexit campaign utilised anti-immigrant rhetoric to create a scapegoat for the under-provision of local public services, when actually this was due to massive cuts in budget transfers to local communities after the financial crisis. Looking ahead, major reforms are now necessary if the EU is not to disintegrate. Given the fresh support in the UK and US for banking deregulation, the EU must stand firm in support of prudential supervision and banking regulation to prevent a new international banking crisis.     

Convergence in the EU

The EU has long viewed economic and institutional convergence as important goals, but the results thus far have been decidedly mixed, and there remain several open questions: How exactly should convergence be defined? How much convergence is necessary? What steps can be taken to improve convergence in the EU, and how can success be defined? Finally, how much convergence can be achieved by improving the economic performance in underperforming regions, and how can convergence in the form of harmonisation towards lower welfare levels be avoided?     

The Liberalisation of Telecommunications in the EU: Managing the Transition

This second article in our two-part feature on the inaugural report of a programme to monitor the progress of European deregulation summarises the report's policy recommendations. The programme is designed to be a report card on the process of liberalisation, starting here with telecommunications where new technology is leading to dramatic changes in the basic economics of the industry.     

欧盟货物原产地规则

货物原产地规则被愈来愈多的国家作为调整其国际贸易关系的重要手段,因而受到各国法律界人士的关注。本文结合相关国际条约以及各国实践,介绍和分析了欧盟的货物原产地规则。这些规则应得到我国开展对欧贸易、在欧投资的企业的关注,也可供我国与他国的自由贸易协议谈判参考借鉴。     

The CAP in disarray: EU commission proposes basic direct payments to EU farmers

Direct payments were originally justified as a mechanism to compensate farmers for the income loss incurred due to reduced intervention prices. However, this rationale is not valid any more, and a new justification for basic income support by granting basic decoupled direct payments has been proposed by the EU Commission. The following paper identifies a number of problems related to this proposal.     

EU Challenges,Investment in the EU and the Role of the European Investment Group

While monetary policy is close to the limits of what it can achieve, consensus on a more active fiscal policy is still lacking. Indeed, on the political front, Europe stands at something of a political crossroads, facing growing social, economic and political challenges. Efforts are now focused on pragmatically advancing on key common priorities. The urgency and ambition with which this co-operation proceeds will be critical to success.     

The Determinants of EU Processing Trade

This paper assesses the determinants of European outward and inward processing trade. Thereby, it distinguishes between size, relative factor endowment, (other) cost factors and infrastructure variables. Using a large panel of bilateral processing trade flows of the EU12 countries at the aggregate level over the period 1988–1999, we find that infrastructure variables, relative factor endowments and other cost variables are important determinants for the EU's outward processing trade. Costs also play a key role for the EU's inward processing trade.     

欧盟计算倾销损害幅度的十大问题

本文结合WTO《反倾销协定》的要求,全面分析和阐述了欧盟在倾销幅度和损害幅度计算方法上所存在的问题,可为完善我国的反倾销法律制度提供借鉴。     

The Information Society – the EU Framework

On January 1 1998, the crucial European Commission Directive concerning full competition in telecommunications markets comes into force. In this abridged version of the last of the 1997 Stockton Lectures, the Member of the Commission who was responsible for it outlines the route to its implementation. This story is part of the broader issue of the way the European Union (EU) has approached the questions raised by the evolving information society. Starting with the establishment of the internal single European market in 1992, the author traces the elimination of public monopolies in telecommunications, the Commission's changing approach to regulation and the way that public fears have been allayed by use of pilot projects. He then examines the significance of technological convergence and globalisation for economics, politics and culture.     

The EU Commission's proposals for reform of the CAP

Reform of the Common Agricultural Policy continues to be one of the major challenges facing the EU. In its mid-term review of the Agenda 2000 the European Commission has presented a number of proposals which are discussed by the contributors to this Forum.     

Sweetening the Transition in EU Sugar Preferences: The Case of Fiji

The European Union grants preferential market access for sugar to a group of African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries. Sugar exported under these quotas receives between two and three times the world price. These trade preferences are intended as a form of aid, but they tend to stifle productivity growth in the recipient countries. The European Union could better assist ACP countries by providing direct development assistance in place of sugar subsidies, for example by investing the aid transfers into infrastructure or other essential public services. This paper tests this proposition for the case of Fiji using a computable general‐equilibrium model. It is found that significant gains in economic performance can be achieved by employing such alternative strategies for aid. These gains are particularly strong over the medium to long term when the aid funds are diverted to infrastructure development. However, there are issues of equity to consider since, in the case of Fiji, the rural poor would be the losers if trade preferences were to be removed. Moreover, the degree of benefit in alternative strategies such as infrastructure development will be contingent on the economy's flexibility, which in turn depends upon the country's regulatory regime and education performance.     

论欧盟对外贸易政策的保护性

欧盟在整个一体化的过程中积极参与多边自由贸易谈判,对第三国的关税水平不断降低,因此,人们对于其对外贸易开放程度的期望一直是很大的。但本文通过对欧盟对外贸易政策几个方面的分析认为,与非贸易集团的国家相比,欧盟实际上并未降低其对外贸易的保护程度。     

Liberalising Services Trade in the EU

The internal market for services, which are estimated to account for 60 to 70 per cent of economic activity in the European Union, is still rife with legal and administrative barriers to cross-border trade. The problems involved in integrating national services markets into one large internal market are highlighted by the ongoing fierce controversy over the Commission’s proposed services directive. The following contributions discuss some pertinent issues.

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*The article is based in part on a paper prepared for the World Trade Forum 2004 in Berne (“The Single Undertaking After Cancun: Diversity and Variable Geometry in the World Trading System”). All references in the following are to the European Communities, reflecting its membership status in the WTO, rather than to the European Union. The views expressed are those of the author and cannot be attributed to the WTO Secretariat.