共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
This paper examines the extent to which the growth of China and India in world markets is affecting the patterns of trade
specialization in Latin American (LA) economies. We construct a measure of Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) by 3-digit
ISIC sector, country, and year. This RCA accounts for both imports and exports. The empirical analyses explore the correlation
between the RCAs of LA and the two Asian economies. Econometric estimates suggest that the specialization pattern of LA—with
the exception of Mexico—has been moving in opposite direction to the trade specialization pattern of China and India. Labor-intensive
sectors (both unskilled and skilled) probably have been negatively affected by the growing presence of China and India in
world markets, while natural resource and scientific knowledge intensive sectors have probably benefited from China and India’s
growth since 1990.
JEL no. F10, F14 相似文献
2.
3.
Anders Ditlev Jensen 《Atlantic Economic Journal》2011,39(2):171-193
One of the most significant differences between developing countries and today’s advanced states is the fact that many developing
countries rely heavily on one or several natural resources. That such dependence shapes the state’s ability to tax—its fiscal
capacity—is commonly argued in the political science and applied development literatures. This paper approaches the issue
from an economic angle. Our analytical foundation builds upon a novel theoretical framework, and allows us to model fiscal
capacity as an ex ante investment under uncertainty. For our panel of 30 hydrocarbon-rich economies, instrumental-variables results provide strong
empirical support for our theoretical proposition: resource intensification weakens state-building by impeding the state’s
fiscal capacity. This result provides an inaugural validation of the economic analytics of state-capacity determinants: understanding
these determinants serves to build stronger states and support sustainable paths of development. Our result also suggests
that one of the main tools of fiscal policy-analysis in resource-rich economies, namely optimal taxation, could gain in practical
relevance by incorporating capacity-constraints into the analytical fiscal-framework. 相似文献
4.
Jaroslav Vanek 《Atlantic Economic Journal》2010,38(3):317-324
This lecture was offered in honor of Professor Robert Mundell; a most fitting coincidence since the speaker was his classmate
at MIT in 1955, exactly 55 years ago, and the topic emanated from our joint study with Professors Kindleberger and Samuelson
at that time. The essence of the presentation can be summarized in its significant conclusions. The theory of comparative
advantage as applied to real-world phenomena—and its practical free-trade recommendations—must be rejected or at least questioned,
especially when it comes to trade between the advanced and the developing economies. The more realistic, even if less elegant
mathematically, theory of Destructive Trade—explained in the lecture—should be a better guide in defining world trade solutions
and leading us in the long run out of the present global crisis. 相似文献
5.
This paper explores the relationship between the closure of “antidumping jumping” manufacturing plants and the repeal of antidumping
measures. Of 67 identified Japanese “antidumping jumping” production lines in the EU in 1990 only 31 remained in operation
in 1999. Analysis of the probability of divestment for 209 Japanese plants in the broadly defined electronics industry shows
that Japanese plants of manufacturing products for which antidumping duties had been repealed are significantly and substantially
more likely to be divested. The results suggest that the potential positive effects of antidumping duties on host economies
by inducing inward investment are in many cases short-lived and easily overestimated. JEL no. F23, F13, L11 相似文献
6.
Addington Coppin 《The Review of Black Political Economy》1992,20(4):55-71
This study examines the trade and investment performances of three economies in the Central Caribbean region since the Caribbean
Basin Initiative (CBI) and associated programs. We find that the rapid growth in nontraditional exports from these economies
to the United States did not necessarily translate into net foreign exchange earnings. On a per capita basis, export-related
investment in Haiti was much lower than in the other two economies — Jamaica and the Dominican Republic. As a percentage of
the labor force, gross employment gains for Jamaica have been significantly larger than those in either the Dominican Republic
or Haiti. It appears that the policies favoring expansion in the offshore sector may foster employment opportunities of females,
especially where traditional sectors are in decline. 相似文献
7.
U.S. Antidumping Enforcement and Macroeconomic Indicators Revisited:
Do Petitioners Learn? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We contribute to the literature on the political economy of U.S. antidumping enforcement through an analysis of the pattern—and
macroeconomic determinants—of country-specific antidumping petitions filed by U.S. firms against 15 countries between 1981
and 1998 (examining quarterly data). We reconcile some seemingly inconsistent results from the prior literature by suggesting
that “learning” by petitioners about the administration—in practice—of the U.S. trade laws has led to changes in the roles
of the macroeconomic determinants over time.
JEL no. F13 相似文献
8.
This paper compares the degree of openness to trade of three developed countries markets—the European Union, Japan, the United
States—with that of three middle-income countries, namely Brazil, India, and China. A theoretically consistent protection
measure—the Mercantilistic Trade Restrictiveness Index (MTRI)—is employed to average tariffs at different levels of aggregation.
The computation relies on a comparative static applied general equilibrium model (Global Trade Analysis Project—GTAP) featuring
imperfect competition as well as on the bilateral applied tariffs included in the most recent version of the GTAP database.
Results provide a different picture from what could have been expected given the widely publicized diffusion of preferential
schemes supposedly favoring developing countries exports.
JEL no. F17, C68, Q17 相似文献
9.
Doomed to Deficits? Aggregate U.S. Trade Flows Re-Examined 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper examines the stability of import and export demand functions for the United States over the 1975q1–2001q2 period.
Using the Johansen maximum likelihood approach, an export demand function is readily identified. In contrast, there appears
to be a structural break in the import demand function in 1995; specifications incorporating this break pass tests for cointegration,
although the price elasticity is not statistically significant. Only when excluding computers and parts from the import series
is a stable import demand function detected. The resulting point estimates confirm the persistence of the income asymmetry
first noted by Houthakker and Magee, although in a slightly diminished form. One policy implication of these findings is that
dollar depreciation—unaccompanied by a realignment of growth trends—is insufficient to substantially reduce the U.S. trade
deficit.
JEL no. F31, F41 相似文献
10.
The paper investigates whether significant HOS effects are present in the EU from trade liberalization with the emerging economies.
Regarding wage inequality, there is only evidence of a trade-induced technological change, but biased towards thelower-skilled-labor-intensive sectors. Relative wages in the EU member states are not affected differently. Trade liberalization under
‘European assumptions’, however, could affect primarily relative factor demand. A flexible cost function approach shows that
import competition from the emerging economies influenced relative labor demand in favor of the higher skilled, implying an
intrasectoral rather than an intersectoral specialization in skill-intensive activities. JEL no. F11, F14 相似文献
11.
Janet Ceglowski 《Review of World Economics》2006,142(2):307-329
This paper estimates gravity equations for bilateral services trade in a sample of 28 countries. It finds that the standard
gravity variables of economic size and geographic proximity are significant factors in services trade. It also reveals positive
effects of linguistic ties on services trade. There is evidence of a positive link between regional trade arrangements and
services trade. Much of that effect appears to reflect the impact of bilateral goods trade on services trade. This implies
that efforts to enhance goods trade—bilateral or multilateral—should lead to more services trade as well.
JEL no. F13, F15, L80 相似文献
12.
This paper introduces new dynamic measures for examining changes in international trade patterns. Using data for 20 OECD countries
over the 1980–2000 period, we show that inter-industry trade changes contrary to countries’ previous specialization are frequently
the dominant form of trade expansion. The econometric analysis indicates that the observed changes in trade patterns were
explained by initial endowments of human-capital and industry-specific changes in labour productivity and labour costs. The
results also suggest that trade liberalization induced an increase in the previous specialization of larger OECD economies
in industries with increasing returns to scale.
JEL no. F1, O33, O50 相似文献
13.
The three exchange rate regimes adopted by Italy from 1883 up to the eve of World War I — the gold standard (1883–1893), floating
rates (1894–1902), and “gold shadowing” (1903–1911)—produced a puzzling result: formal adherence to the gold standard ended
in failure while shadowing the gold standard proved very successful. This paper discusses the main policies underlying Italy’s
performance particularly focusing on the strategy of reserve accumulation. It presents a cointegration analysis identifying
a distinct co-movement between exchange rate, reserves, and banknotes that holds over the three sub-periods of the sample.
Given this long-run relationship, the different performance in each regime is explained by the diversity of policy measures,
reflected in the different variables adjusting the system in the various regimes. Italy’s variegated experience during the
gold standard provides a valuable lesson about current developments in the international scenario, showing the central role
of fundamentals and consistent policies. 相似文献
14.
Helmut Wagner 《Atlantic Economic Journal》2000,28(1):60-70
Controlling inflation is a central problem in transition economies. This paper asks under what conditions or even whether
central bank independence helps in this task. The conclusion shows that merely imposing legal independence on the central
bank may be ineffective or even counterproductive. It is necessary to make a monetary strategy and the responsibilities and
restrictions of central bank policy transparent to the public. In addition, it is important that the right nominal anchor
is selected—one that is, or is believed to be, effective and sustainable. Both monetary targeting and inflation targeting
are assumed to be unsuitable for most transition countries. Instead, some kind of dynamic exchange rate targeting appears
to be the most reasonable choice. 相似文献
15.
Currency unions and trade: The special case of EMU 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In this paper, the impact of the adoption of the euro on the commercial transactions of EMU countries is investigated. It
seeks to disentangle the effects of eliminating exchange rate volatility — and those of other policy factors that promote
integration — from the influence of the emergence of the European currency union. Since EMU is a relatively new phenomenon,
a panel estimation of the gravity equation in a dynamic framework is used in order to capture effects like trade persistence.
The main finding is that the adoption of the euro has had a positive but not an exorbitant impact on bilateral trade between
European countries (ranging between 9 and 10 per cent). The impact is much lower than that shown in the recent literature
on a larger and heterogeneous set of countries. One reason for this divergence seems to be that the euro was adopted after
decades of integration policies had already worked through in Europe. JEL no. F4, F15, C230 相似文献
16.
George Hondroyiannis P.A.V.B. Swamy George Tavlas Michael Ulan 《Review of World Economics》2008,144(1):151-180
The relationship between exchange-rate volatility and aggregate export volumes is examined using a model that includes real
export earnings of oil-exporting economies as a determinant of export volumes of a sample of 12 industrial countries. Four
fixed-coefficient panel-data estimation techniques, including a generalized method of moments (GMM) and random coefficient
(RC) estimation, are employed on panel data covering the estimation period 1977:1–2003:4 using three measures of exchange-rate
volatility. Our aim is to provide a theoretically and empirically justifiable specification that can guide researchers. In
contrast to recent studies employing panel data, we find little evidence that volatility has a negative and significant impact
on trade. We use second-generation RC estimation, which corrects for biases arising from incorrect functional forms, omitted
variables, and measurement errors. Our results suggest that the finding of a significant and negative impact of volatility
is attributable to specification biases.
JEL no. C23, F3, F31 相似文献
17.
Trade negotiations deal with cuts in bound duties, which differ substantially from applied preferential duties, and from MFN
applied duties. Based on WTO’s Consolidated Tariff Schedules (CTS) database and on national sources, this paper proposes a
systematic assessment of ad valorem-equivalent bound duties at the detailed product level, for almost all WTO members. Fully
consistent with the assessment of applied protection provided in the MAcMap-HS6 database, this work allows the full structure
of protection—bound, MFN applied, preferential applied duties—to be accurately assessed. We thus provide the first worldwide
assessment of the binding overhang, i.e. the gap between bound and applied MFN tariffs. We also assess the likely applied-protection
impact of an agreement in the Doha Round.
JEL no. F13 相似文献
18.
This paper examines whether foreign aid in education has a significant effect on growth. We take into consideration the heterogeneous
nature of aid as well as the heterogeneity of aid recipients—we disaggregate the aid data into primary, secondary, and higher
education, and run separate regressions for low income and middle income countries. We find that the effect of aid varies
by income as well as by the type of aid. Thus our results underscore the importance of the heterogeneity of aid flows as well
as the heterogeneity of recipient countries when analyzing the effect of aid on growth.
JEL no. F34, F35, I20, O19 相似文献
19.
Jonathan E. Ogbuabor God’stime O. Eigbiremolen Gladys C. Aneke Manasseh O. Charles 《Asian-Pacific economic literature》2018,32(1):29-44
We examine the dynamics of output connectedness of Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) economies using time‐varying, region‐specific, generalised connectedness measures. We find that the connectedness of APEC economies with the rest of the world is quite substantial, with the 2008–09 Global Financial Crisis increasing the connectedness measures above their precrisis levels. The USA, China, and Korea are shown to be systemically important and to dominate APEC’s real activities, while outside the APEC region the roles of India and the UK are also non‐negligible. These results suggest that the majority of APEC economies are considerably open to output shocks from the dominant economies such that policymakers in APEC must be continuously conscious of headwinds originating from these sources. 相似文献
20.
J. Sapir 《Studies on Russian Economic Development》2011,22(6):587-596
This article discusses how in the modern Russian economy domestic and export prices for basic resources—oil, gas, oil products,
metals, timber, chemicals, and grain—should be related. The correlation between the level of domestic prices for raw materials
and industrialization processes is shown. The need for a coherent industrial policy aimed at a more rapid development of the
processing and manufacturing industries is underlined. The conclusion is that the various measures of indirect regulation
of domestic prices for basic resources are a natural constituent of a reasonable economic development strategy for Russia.
Some possible actions to curb the growth in domestic prices for raw materials and primary products are considered. 相似文献