Capital gains tax and the capital asset pricing model

This paper develops a version of the Capital Asset Pricing Model that views dividend imputation as affecting company tax and assumes differential taxation of capital gains and ordinary income. These taxation issues aside, the model otherwise rests on the standard assumptions including full segmentation of national capital markets. It also treats dividend policy as exogenously determined. Estimates of the cost of equity based on this model are then compared with estimates based on the version of the CAPM typically applied in Australia, which differs only in assuming equality of the tax rates on capital gains and ordinary income. The differences between the estimates can be material. In particular, with a high dividend yield, allowance for differential taxation can result in an increase of two to three percentage points in the estimated cost of equity. The overall result obtained here carries over to a dividend equilibrium, in which firms choose a dividend policy that is optimal relative to the assumed tax structure.     

Beta lives - some statistical perspectives on the capital asset pricing model

This note summarizes some technical issues relevant to the use of the idea of excess return in empirical modelling. We cover the case where the aim is to construct a measure of expected return on an asset and a model of the CAPM type is used. We review some of the problems and show examples where the basic CAPM may be used to develop other results which relate the expected returns on assets both to the expected return on the market and other factors.     

The impact of exchange rate risk on international asset pricing under various market structures

This article derives international equity pricing relations by taking into account inflationary exchange risk under various forms of market segmentation/integration. In a mean-variance framework, a two-country, two-period, two-goods model is analyzed under three different market structures: segmented, mildly segmented and integrated. It is found that as long as investors are consuming imported goods, in the presence of market frictions, inflationary exchange risk is an important determinant of real equity prices. This is the case because inflationary exchange rate affects the real purchasing power of investors.

Is beta still alive? Conclusive evidence from the Swiss stock market

Recent evidence from Fama and French (1992, 1996) and others shows that betas and returns are not related empirically. They interpret this as evidence against the validity of the capital asset pricing model and conclude that the beta is not a good measure of risk. This paper claims that usual tests do not leave much opportunity for beta to appear as a useful variable capable of explaining returns, because tests are often performed in periods where the average realized market excess return is not significantly different from zero. In order to assess the usefulness of beta, an alternative approach that dissociates results obtained in periods where the realized market excess is positive from those where it is negative is proposed. These new tests are then applied to a representative sample of the Swiss stock market over the period 1983–1991. The different results unambiguously support the fact that beta is a good measure of risk, because beta is strongly related to the cross-section of realized returns. These results also confirm that there are no arbitrage opportunities on this market.     

Heterogeneous time varying transaction costs and asset pricing in international equity markets

In this paper, we examine the time variation in transaction costs relative to excess returns, in a panel consisting of 10 international equity indices over the time period 1984–2005. This is undertaken by extending the consumption CAPM (CCAPM) model proposed by Campbell and Shiller (Rev. Financ. Stud. 1:195–228, 1988) to incorporate time varying proportional transaction costs. We rigorously address both the cross-country heterogeneity in the estimated model and endogeneity. We find strong evidence that suggests transaction costs should be included as an additional explanatory variable in the CCAPM. This leads to the conclusion that transaction costs should be included in asset pricing models as their stochastic process impacts directly on private consumption expenditure.

欧洲股票市场的规模和动因:基于不同β系数的资本资产定价模型实证研究

我们选用在13个欧洲股市上市的证券,形成规模和动因组合.我们不仅发现规模溢价的证据,还发现8个样本市场存在重大动因收益率.这些收益率可能不构成异常现象,因为它们与不同β值的资本资产定价模型一致.我们还发现,系统风险与经济周期有关.此外,研究结果显示,虽然规模和动因收益率显著,但是难以在中、短期利用它们,因为在我们的样本...     

Tangibility and investment irreversibility in asset pricing

Zhang (2005) and Cooper (2006) provide a theoretical risk‐based explanation for the value premium by suggesting a nexus between firms’ book‐to‐market ratio and investment irreversibility. They argue that unproductive physical capacity is costly in contracting conditions but provides growth opportunities during economic expansions, resulting in covariant risk between firms’ investment in tangible assets and market‐wide returns. This article uses the Australian accounting environment to empirically test this theory – a test that is not possible using US data. Consistent with the theoretical argument, tangibility is priced in equity returns, and augmenting the Fama and French three‐factor model with a tangibility factor increases model explanatory power.     

Structural asset pricing theory with wavelets

We apply Fourier and wavelet decompositions to structural asset pricing models with time non-separable utility. Through simulations, we show how Fourier decompositions of the utility function, coupled with isolating certain frequencies of the stochastic consumption process, reveal a preference for temporal allocations. We demonstrate the usefulness of wavelets by highlighting their ability to isolate frequency and time, simultaneously. While much work has been devoted to wavelet applications of financial data, we are unaware of papers that use wavelets to analyze structural aspects of asset pricing models.     

推动企业境外投资的国际经验及启示

近年来,我国企业“走出去”步伐加快,对促进我国经济发展起到了积极作用,但是,企业“走出去”也面临着较大风险。本文借鉴美日韩等国境外投资的经验,对我国企业“走出去”进行了分析,并提出了相关建议。     

World capital markets and Finnish stock returns

The paper explores issues related to time-varying global equity market integration from a Finnish perspective. Finland is an interesting market since profound economic changes and financial deregulation have taken place since the mid-1980s. Using Finnish firm size ranked portfolios and a conditional four-factor asset pricing model, several restrictions on asset behaviour are examined. It is found that a proxy for changing market integration — lagged foreign equity ownership — has a significant impact on the relative importance of local and global risk factors. Significant differences are found between the pricing of shares that were freely-available to all (unrestricted shares) and domestic investors only (restricted shares). Results also suggest that major capital market reforms profoundly affect the degree of market integration, but local risk factors do not become redundant.     

The spirit of capitalism, asset pricing and growth in a small open economy

Conventional models of economic behavior have failed to account for a number of observed empirical regularities in macroeconomics and international economics. This may be due to preference specifications in conventional models. In this paper, we consider preferences with the “spirit of capitalism” (the desire to accumulate wealth as a way of acquiring status). We analyze a number of potential effects of international catching-up and the spirit of capitalism on savings, growth, portfolio allocation and asset pricing. Moreover, we obtain a multi-factor Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). Our results show that status concerns have non-trivial effects on savings, growth, portfolio allocation, asset prices and the foreign exchange risk premium.     

Liquidity biases in asset pricing tests

Microstructure noise in security prices biases the results of empirical asset pricing specifications, particularly when security-level explanatory variables are cross-sectionally correlated with the amount of noise. We focus on tests of whether measures of illiquidity, which are likely to be correlated with the noise, are priced in the cross-section of stock returns, and show a significant upward bias in estimated return premiums for an array of illiquidity measures in Center for Research in Security Prices (CRSP) monthly return data. The upward bias is larger when illiquid securities are included in the sample, but persists even for NYSE/Amex stocks after decimalization. We introduce a methodological correction to eliminate the biases that simply involves weighted least squares (WLS) rather than ordinary least squares (OLS) estimation, and find evidence of smaller, but still significant, return premiums for illiquidity after implementing the correction.     

An overview of returns in Europe

This paper is an attempt to present a digest of European security returns. In this respect, Table 7 summarizes key data over recent years. The table presents information for the period 1967 to 1990. By and large, within Europe, equity returns appear to be very similar. To the extent that if differences exist, they can probably be attributed to too short a period for utterly unambiguous data on returns to be achieved. But there may be another explanation which relates to an international capital asset pricing model and the sinews of this topic are explored towards the end of the paper. Data are presented which compare and contrast the part played by equity markets in the structure of corporate financing in Europe. These show the contrasting cult of the equity share, with its high emphasis in Britain and much lower role in Germany and France, for example. Other statistics reveal differing share ownership structures and pension fund portfolio distributions in European countries. That the topic of realized European security returns requires further research is obviously the case. It is hoped that this paper — and others in this issue — will stimulate a desire to undertake the necessary investigations.     

The unintended consequences of grouping in tests of asset pricing models

We identify a number of unintended consequences of grouping when the capital asset pricing model is true and when it is false. When the model is true, grouping may cause fundamental problems with the most basic capital asset pricing and cross-sectional regression relationships. For example, with traditional grouping, the market portfolio is super-efficient––unless securities in each group are value weighted. Yet, when the model is grossly false, grouping may cause the model to appear to be absolutely correct. Ironically, the only way this can occur is when securities in each group are value weighted. To make matters worse, when the model is false, the slope of a cross-sectional regression of expected returns on betas fitted to grouped data may be either steeper or flatter than when the regression is fitted to ungrouped data. In other words, grouping may exacerbate the very problem it was meant to alleviate.     

跨境人民币投融资问题研究

开展跨境人民币投融资,是提高人民币国际地位的战略需要,是配合跨境贸易人民币结算的客观需要,也是化解对外资产负债货币错配风险的迫切需要。随着各种跨境人民币投融资安排的付诸实施,跨境人民币投融资呈现出规模扩大化、渠道多元化、方式多样化的态势。基于动态随机一般均衡模型的研究表明,跨境人民币投资可以使居民、企业等经济主体行为的最优化路径发生变迁;模拟分析结果表明,跨境人民币投资对改善本国经济福利具有助推作用。为进一步促进跨境人民币投融资业务的开展,要按照"先引进来再走出去"的策略,推动跨境人民币直接投资;按照"先债券市场后股票市场"的次序,扩大境内金融市场的开放;按照"离岸与在岸市场协同发展"的方针,加快香港离岸人民币业务中心建设;按照市场化推动的原则,发挥中资跨国企业和中资金融机构在跨境人民币投融资中的主力军作用;按照发展与规范并重的思路,建立跨境人民币投融资的风险管理体系。     

The characteristics of informed trading: Implications for asset pricing

This paper investigates the linkage of microstructure, accounting, and asset pricing. We determine the relationship between firm characteristics as captured by accounting and market data and a firm's probability of private information-based trade (PIN) as estimated from trade data. This allows us to determine what types of firms have high information risk. We then use these data to create an instrument for PIN, the PPIN, which we can estimate from firm-specific data. We show that PPINs have explanatory power for the cross-section of asset returns in long sample tests. We also investigate whether information risk vitiates the influence of other variables on asset returns. We develop a PPIN factor and show that it dominates the Amihud factor in asset returns. Our results provide strong support for information risk affecting asset returns in long sample tests.     

The Conditional Relationship Between Beta and Returns: A Reassessment

Abstract:  Several recent empirical tests of the Capital Asset Pricing Model have been based on the conditional relationship between betas and market returns. This paper shows that this method needs reconsideration. An adjusted version of this test is presented. It is then demonstrated that the adjusted technique has similar, or lower, power to the more easily implemented CAPM test of Fama and MacBeth (1973) if returns are normally distributed.     

我国证券投资基金的资产配置能力研究——基于风险与收益相匹配的视角

本文从风险与收益相匹配的视角，给出了基金经理进行资产配置的原则和理论模型，并据此设计出判断基金资产配置能力高低的标准。对我国54只封闭式基金的资产配置能力进行实证检验发现，中国的封闭式基金大部分具有较高的资产配置能力；研究同时发现，我国证券投资基金主要通过投资组合中证券的调整进行资产配置，而较少依靠对组合中资产的调整来满足资产配置的原则要求。     

基于RAROC的银行资本配置陷阱与修正

利用RAROC(Risk-AdjustedReturnonCapital)与传统CAPM(CapitalAssetPricingModel)模型相结合进行资本配置,是目前大部分银行等金融机构所采用的主流方法。但是由于这一方法忽视了RAROC与CAPM各自的假设和环境,从而导致在很多方面不匹配,因此不可避免地使基于RAROC的资本配置框架产生一些陷阱,如银行对某一类资产的过度配置或者配置不足等问题。为此,本文首先分析了这些陷阱产生的根源及导致的后果,继而针对这些陷阱提出了一系列修正措施,如修正的CAPM模型—二因素模型,文——章最后在讨论这些修正可行性的基础上,建立了新的资本配置框架。