Rent control and homelessness

The purposes of this paper are to produce more precise estimates of the effect of rent control on homelessness using microdata on housed and homeless households and to provide evidence concerning the mechanisms through which rent control might affect homelessness. Our results suggest that rent control does increase homelessness by decreasing the rental vacancy rate and increasing the rental price of housing in the uncontrolled sector but that these effects of rent control are offset by other effects that decrease homelessness. We cannot reject the hypothesis that rent control has no net effect on homelessness.     

Estimation and policy implications of rental housing demand

The demand for rental housing using the Annual Housing Survey SMSA sample for 1977 is estimated. The principal determinants of rental housing demand, namely housing price and permanent/transitory income, are computed through spatially varying hedonic price techniques and instrumental variables methods (relating to human and nonhuman capital), respectively. Based on the demand estimation results, impacts of hypothetical cash and rent subsidy programs are analyzed in terms of “housing” and “welfare” effects. It is found that a rent subsidy achieves considerably larger effects than does a cash subsidy.     

现行政策下商业地产的发展趋势

一、现行宏观政策对商业地产的影响 从2004年起，鉴于政策导向，商业地产开发变得炙热起来。由于商业地产的利润比住宅开发要平均高出5％N10％，吸引了越来越多的投资者转向商业地产的开发。2005年1月1日开始，跨国零售商已开始在中国的全方位扩张。外资的到来推动国内商业市场发展，为商业地产带来巨大商机。2006年至2008...     

Distributional aspects of public rental housing and rent control policies in Spain

This paper studies the importance of the economic advantages and some distributional consequences generated by public and subsidized rental housing as well as rent control policies in Spain. Individual benefits are defined as the difference between the rent the protected dwellings would have in the market, minus the rent actually paid for them. The market valuation is obtained with an hedonic function estimated for the uncontrolled private sector. Data for the Madrid Metropolitan Area in 1974 show that for both policies, benefits are of considerable importance, while its distribution among beneficiaries is very unsatisfactory according to horizontal and vertical equity criteria.     

Explaining metropolitan housing price differences

Housing prices differ substantially among metropolitan areas. The rent and house price indexes used here measure this variation among 54 metropolitan areas. A model of metropolitan housing price determination is presented and used to identify the sources of intermetropolitan price variation. Reduced-form equations explain close to 90% of the variation in rental prices and close to 60% of the variation in house prices.     

Rent control with reputation: theory and evidence

Rent-control policy is modeled as an implicit contract between voters of a community and suppliers of rental housing. It is shown that if residents can make an ex ante commitment to never adopt rent controls they will do so. When precommitment is not possible there are conditions under which a policy of never adopting rent controls is not self-enforcing. Under such circumstances a state-invariant ceiling price is shown to be a subgame-perfect equilibrium rent-control policy. The model is tested using data for New Jersey where local option regarding the choice of rent control policy was declared constitutional in the early 1970s. Probit analysis is used to determine whether predictions of the model are supported by an investigation of factors leading to imposition of rent controls by 64 of the 245 communities in the sample.     

公共租赁住房成本租金与定价研究

完善公共租赁住房定价机制是保持公共租赁住房建设与管理可持续发展的重要内容。本文在实地调研杭州、湖州、嘉兴、绍兴、台州、丽水等地区公共租赁住房开发成本状况的基础上,选取了较有代表性的几个地区,对公共租赁住房的成本租金进行了测算,并通过比较公共租赁住房租金定价的国际经验,对浙江省公共租赁住房的租金定价提出了建议。     

The demand for rental housing: Evidence from the Housing Allowance Demand Experiment

This paper provides new evidence on the price and income elasticities of demand for rental housing by low income households. Housing expenditures of households participating in the Housing Allowance Demand Experiment and receiving housing allowances in the form of a proportional rent rebate are analyzed. These rent rebates experimentally vary the effective relative price of housing and thus enable estimation of the price elasticities. Natural income variation enables estimation of income elasticities. Analysis is carried out using two functional forms and a variety of models of housing dynamics. The estimated income and price elasticities of demand are 0.36 and −0.22, respectively. When the sample is restricted to include only households headed by couples, the elasticity estimates are 0.47 for income and −0.36 for price. These estimates are lower (in absolute value) than have been previously estimated and it is suggested that this may be due to the low-income nature of the sample.     

我国公共租赁房的租金定价模型

公租房补充和完善了我国保障性住房制度,但如何制定合理的公租房租金标准,才能促进公租房健康可持续发展显得尤为重要。公租房租金制定应遵循一定的原则,即成本回收、差别定价和可持续性原则。     

基于向量自回归的存量住房房价租金比分析

1998年住房制度改革以来,房屋销售价格和租金均呈上涨趋势,但两者在增速上有明显的不同。本文基于动态Gordon模型,用一阶向量自回归的方法研究了8个城市房地产市场预期和非预期的房价租金比,结果表明向量自回归模型预测杭州、深圳、武汉、成都、北京的对数房价租金比效果较好,上海的房价租金比最不容易预测。未预料到的房价租金比的决定有明显的地区差异,西部地区的城市主要受租金流新信息的影响,长三角城市受收益率新信息的影响非常大,其他地区的城市主要受收益率新信息的影响。     

Empirical analysis of the impact of a landlord-tenant ordinance on property values2

The purpose of this article is to analyze the impact of a landlord-tenant ordinance (LTO) on property values, using time series data for the City of Evanston, Illinois, where the ordinance has been enacted since 1975. The empirical data analysis, which includes a trend analysis of hedonic price indices for both rental and owner-occupied property, has shown that an LTO is not likely to significantly affect housing values. Those remedies provided in the LTO are not likely to be radical departures from the current practices such as housing/building code, and can therefore not be expected to affect housing values substantially.     

Are There Tax Arbitrage Opportunities in Private Rental Housing Markets?

Tax arbitrage opportunities in rental housing markets arise when high bracket taxpayers exploit the tax shelter and conversion features of the tax treatment of rental housing and as a consequence offer low bracket taxpayers rental housing at a cost lower than if they purchased the same quantity of housing for owner occupation. A microdata set has been employed to estimate the size of these tax arbitrage opportunities with respect to 1907 properties owned by Australian landlords. The measure of tax arbitrage opportunities is the breakeven tax rate at which the maximum rental rate a potential occupant is prepared to pay before turning to purchased housing is equal to the landlord's reservation rental rate. Potential occupants with marginal tax rates below the breakeven tax rate find that renting has a relative cost advantage over home purchase. When agency costs (the costs incurred in managing landlord-tenant relationships) are included in the tax arbitrage model, our estimates of the breakeven tax rate indicate that home purchase has a relative cost advantage over renting for most potential occupants. Renting is only financially attractive to low tax bracket individuals. This finding is consistent with Australian tenure patterns. However, there are more puzzling results. A majority of landlords belong to tax brackets below the top bracket, landlords in the lowest tax brackets typically make below normal profits, and reservation rental rates at the bottom of the rental housing market are relatively high. Down payment requirements, lock-in effects, and rent clientele groups are put forward as possible explanations for these findings.     

美国住房租赁市场运行机制探讨及借鉴

美国拥有发达的私人住房租赁市场和公共住房租赁市场,其关于住房租赁市场的法律制度、税收体系、房租补贴政策和完善的政府监管体制等方面均值得我国借鉴。研究表明,支撑美国住房租赁市场的因素主要有供给因素、需求因素和政府对租赁市场的有效管理和规范。尽管在住房消费文化和土地制度环境等方面我国住房市场与美国住房市场差异显著,但美国发展与规范住房租赁市场的经验对培育和发展我国住房租赁市场仍然具有重要的政策借鉴价值。     

保障性住房供应体系重构下的公租房发展趋势

公共租赁房作为保障性住房体系的重要组成部分,其发展趋势值得关注。在归纳评述国内现有相关研究的基础上,采用文案调查和定性分析方法,分析了现阶段我国城市保障性住房体系现状及重构走向,进而提出公共租赁房的发展趋势,认为公共租赁房将成为保障性住房供应体系的主体,多种住房类型合并管理,租金收取实行分档回补,动态监管工作将会加大力度等。     

美国住房租赁市场运行机制探讨及借鉴

美国拥有发达的私人住房租赁市场和公共住房租赁市场,其关于住房租赁市场的法律制度、税收体系、房租补贴政策和完善的政府监管体制等方面均值得我国借鉴。研究表明,支撑美国住房租赁市场的因素主要有供给因素、需求因素和政府对租赁市场的有效管理和规范。尽管在住房消费文化和土地制度环境等方面我国住房市场与美国住房市场差异显著,但美国发展与规范住房租赁市场的经验对培育和发展我国住房租赁市场仍然具有重要的政策借鉴价值。     

城市廉租房建设规模的对策分析:以江苏省为例

在江苏省13地市进行抽样调查的基础上,采用情景分析法,确定江苏省城市廉租房的建设规模及其情景模式.结果表明:在1%廉租房保障水平下,最低需要建设的廉租房面积约为250万m2,在5%廉租房保障水平下,最高需要建设的廉租房面积约为1883万m2,最高和最低保障面积相差约7.5倍,显然廉租房的建设要分步骤、分阶段实现,不能采取一刀切的一步到位方式.在此基础上对廉租房的来源及管理体制提出相应的发展对策,供有关决策部门参考.     

Rent control and complete contract equilibria

This paper develops a theoretical model for analysing the effects of rent control. The model incorporates the roles of optimal long-term contractual arrangements and the responses of individual agents to rent control in determining the economic characteristics of the controlled market equilibrium, and can help to explain the wide variation in empirical results observed across jurisdictions. Necessary and sufficient conditions for a complete contract equilibrium, where the characteristics of the competitive and controlled solutions are identical, are established. It is shown that housing quality, new construction, and the distribution of wealth may not be affected by rent control.     

公共租赁住房成本租金与定价研究

完善公共租赁住房定价机制是保持公共租赁住房建设与管理可持续发展的重要内容。本文在实地调研杭州、湖州、嘉兴、绍兴、台州、丽水等地区公共租赁住房开发成本状况的基础上,选取了较有代表性的几个地区,对公共租赁住房的成本租金进行了测算,并通过比较公共租赁住房租金定价的国际经验,对浙江省公共租赁住房的租金定价提出了建议。     

Rent control and tenancy duration

This paper investigates how rent control affects mobility in the Danish housing market. We apply a proportional hazard duration model, that encompasses both the presence of left truncated tenancy durations, right censored observations and allows for a very flexible specification of the time dependency of the hazard rate. Tenancy mobility is severely reduced by rent control. For a typical household in the private rental sector tenancy duration is found to be more than six years longer if the apartment belongs to the 10% most regulated units than if it belongs to the 10% least regulated units.     

我国公共租赁房运作模式的实践与探索——基于部分城市公共租赁房运行情况的比较分析

本文以北京、上海、杭州等公共租赁房起步较早的大中城市为研究对象,从公共租赁房的界定、投资主体、供应对象、房源筹集、资金渠道、租金管理、土地供应与政策支持、物业管理、准入与退出等9个方面进行剖析比较,总结这些城市在公共租赁房建设实施过程中的经验及存在的问题,探索有效的解决方法,以期为我国公共租赁房的进一步发展提供参考。