税负水平上升对我国税收结构变动的影响

借鉴税收结构变动指数分析中国税负水平与税收结构整体波动的关系,并运用省际面板数据构建计量模型,进一步考察近十几年来税负水平的不断攀升对中国税收结构变动的影响。研究结果显示:税负水平的不断上升推动了税收结构的大幅调整,且使得税收增长更加依赖企业所得税;物价上涨和货币化水平对中国税收结构的变化产生了不同的影响。     

中国的涉外税法与国际惯例及WTO规则的冲突与协调

中国涉外税法与国际税收惯例及WTO的规则在经济全球化的进程中存在许多冲突,特别是在涉外所得税与关税方面,对于税收管辖权、税收优惠、防范国际避税、国际税收协定等方面的规定。分析涉外税法与国际税收惯例、WTO的一些规则及相互冲突等问题,并对中国涉外税法及适用进行相应的一些改革,这对于达到与国际税收惯例及WTO规则的协调很有必要。     

The tax reform agenda

High tax rates that distort incentives and create large deadweight losses have been reduced, but there is still much more to be done to improve the tax system. It is useful to distinguish between tax rules that represent tax expenditures relative to a pure income tax from rules that represent tax expenditures relative to a consumption tax. I think it is important to focus on tax expenditures relative to a consumption tax base. It is possible that if there were no estate tax, the present value of the taxes paid by future heirs would exceed the revenue lost by abolishing the estate tax. On the corporate side, a shift to a territorial system of taxation would have very substantial favorable effects, while pass-through entities have a very weak case for a significantly lower tax rate. The net effect of such tax changes would be an increase in the budget deficit, though that increase is likely to be only temporary due to legislative rules. I am optimistic that there will be tax reforms enacted in the next twelve months holding great promise for improving our tax system and our economy.     

Gender, Exposure to Tax Knowledge, and Attitudes Towards Taxation; An Experimental Approach

This study reports findings of gender differences in tax attitude changes influenced by better tax knowledge. Male students are more exposed to tax knowledge in a way that makes them reconsider more easily their attitudes towards their own tax evasion, i.e. tax ethics, than their female peers. Male students get a significantly stricter attitude towards their own tax evasion. On the other hand, female students are more exposed to tax knowledge in a way that makes them reconsider their attitude towards other people's tax evasion than their male peers, i.e. they get a significantly stricter attitude towards others tax evasion. Improved tax knowledge significantly changed both male and female students attitude towards the fairness of the tax system, i.e. they considered the tax system to be more fair. Implications for ethical behaviour of taxpayers are highlighted.     

Imperfect tax competition for profits, asymmetric equilibrium and beneficial tax havens

We present a model of tax competition for real investment and profits and show that the presence of tax havens in some cases increases the tax revenue of countries. In the first part of the paper, we argue that tax competition for profits is likely to be imperfect in the sense that the jurisdiction with the lowest tax rate does not necessarily attract all shifted profits. Under this assumption, tax competition between a large number of identical countries may lead to either a symmetric equilibrium with no profit shifting or an asymmetric equilibrium where firms shift profits from high-tax to low-tax countries. In the second part of the paper, we introduce tax havens. Starting from a symmetric equilibrium, tax havens unambiguously reduce the tax revenue of countries due to a ‘leakage effect’ — tax havens attract tax base from countries — and a ’competition effect’ — the optimal response to the increased tax sensitivity of tax bases involves a reduction of tax rates. Starting from an asymmetric equilibrium, however, tax havens also raise the tax revenue of countries through a ’crowding effect’ — tax havens make it less attractive to compete for profits and thus induce low-tax countries to become high-tax countries. We demonstrate that the latter effect may dominate the former effects so that countries, on balance, benefit from the presence of tax havens.     

Indirect Taxes in Oligopoly in Presence of Licensing Opportunities

This paper considers the relative efficiency of unit tax and ad valorem tax in a Cournot duopoly market in the presence of licensing opportunities after the announcement of the tax rates by the government. In case of fixed-fee licensing, if the unit cost difference of the firms is low and tax revenue of the government is high, then unit tax is more efficient than the ad valorem tax. If tax revenue of the government is low, then ad valorem tax is more efficient than unit tax. Ad valorem tax is more efficient than unit tax in the case of royalty licensing.     

我国流转税与所得税最优比例关系的实证分析

在中国 ,流转税和所得税都与经济增长呈现统计上显著的负相关 ,而与人均GDP以及城乡居民储蓄表现为较好的正相关 ;流转税和所得税分别和国内生产总值建立的三次多项式的回归模型很好地拟合了流转税和所得税的变化轨迹。本文通过 1 992～ 2 0 0 2年税收数据拟合模型 ,分别得到我国经济增长最大化时 ,最优的流转税、所得税占GDP的比率 ,并得出目前的税改重点应为增大所得税的比率的结论。     

湖北省地方税收入与GDP和产业结构关系的研究

运用数量分析的方法对湖北省地方税收入规模与结构、湖北地方税收入与DGP和产业结构的关系．进行定量和实证分析研究发现,湖北省地税收入缺乏弹性且宏观税员水平偏低,地区发展不平衡导致税收收分布失衡,使得地方税制滞后于产业发展,应从优化税源、发展区域经济、调整产业以及主体税和辅助税种的配置等方面促进湖北省地方税发展。     

税负转嫁视角下商品税对居民消费影响的实证研究

本文借鉴ELES模型,利用横截面数据对我国不同收入等级的城镇居民八类消费性支出进行了微观模拟,对其需求的价格弹性进行测算。在此基础上,分析了居民在消费支出过程中承担增值税、消费税和营业税的情况,对税负转嫁的方式和力度进行了实证评估。结果发现,我国商品税不具有明显的累退性,商品税“中性”特点显著。但在不同收入阶层之间税收负担份额是不同的,居民税收负担与商品税征税范围、税率等要素高度相关。基于此,提出要逐步降低商品税比重、进一步扩大“营改增”范围、完善消费税功能、以及将价内税改为价外税等政策建议。     

Who benefits from partial tax coordination?

In this paper, we investigate whether partial tax coordination is beneficial to countries within and outside a tax union, in which countries are supposed to compete in taxes and infrastructure. Our results demonstrate that a subgroup of countries agreeing on a common tax rate can harm both member and nonmember states. This is in contrast to the classical findings that partial tax harmonisation is Pareto improving. When a minimum tax rate is imposed within a tax union, we demonstrate that it does not necessarily improve the welfare of the member countries. Moreover, both the high‐tax and low‐tax countries can be worse off. This conclusion is at odds with the classical result that a high‐tax country benefits from the imposition of a lower tax bound.     

企业“营改增”税负不减反增现象分析

由于"营改增"对服务业企业税负的影响具有双重效应,部分试点企业税负不减反增并非反常现象,适用增值税税率过高、企业中间投入比率偏低、固定资产更新周期较长、改革试点范围有限、获得增值税发票困难是造成该现象的主要原因。作为一种局部性的矛盾,部分试点企业税负增加现象及其负面影响切忌夸大,也不应单纯以企业税负变化作为评价"营改增"成效的标准。应对部分试点企业税负增加问题,当务之急是实施过渡性的财政补贴政策与解决增值税发票获取上的技术难题。从长期看,适时扩大"营改增"范围、调整增值税税率水平与结构是关键举措。     

我国非营利组织纳税筹划动因与方法探赜

非营利组织有充分利用自身经济资源以获取效用最大化的合理内在要求,其纳税筹划意义重大。与企业纳税筹划不同,非营利组织所拥有或控制的经济资源是有限、稀缺的,寻求符合其自身特点的“最大化”目标以及纳税以致可控经济资源减少是非营利组织纳税筹划的内在动因。非营利组织的纳税筹划方法包括利用税收制度环境筹划和会计制度环境筹划两个角度,具体有利用纳税主体具体规定筹划、利用征税客体筹划、运用纳税环节、纳税期限、税收优惠纳税筹划,以及利用会计制度或会计政策筹划等。     

增值税转型与扩围相关问题分析

增值税转型改革对于我国经济的发展以及完善税收结构有着积极的作用,同时也对国家财政收入、产业升级和经济结构调整、企业税负等宏观经济方面产生了深远的影响。在实行增值税转型的过程中尚存在着增值税占税收收入的比例过高,中央与地方税收收入分配关系不合理等问题。我国应围绕增值税的扩围改革重新修订相关的法规政策,及时出台增值税实施条例细则;调整中央与地方政府的间的财政关系,合理调整中央政府和地方政府以及不同地方级次的分享比例,重构地税体系,适当扩大地方税权,同时根据营业税改征增值税企业的特点,合理确定税收征管机构。     

Länderfi nanzausgleich,Steuerwettbewerb und Steuersalienz

Jurisdictions that engage in inter regional tax competition usually try to lessen competitive pressures by substituting salient tax instruments with hidden ones. Given this, the author investigates the effi ciency consequences of inter regional tax competition and fi scal equalisation in a federal system when taxpayers fail to optimally react to shrouded attributes of local tax policy. If the statutory tax rate is a relatively salient instrument and taxpayers pay little attention to the quality and frequency of tax enforcement, the underlying substitution of tax instruments with the aim of reducing the perceived tax price may suppress the under exploitation of tax bases that is typically triggered by fi scal equalisation.     

关于银行业税费负担的思考——以荆州银行业为例

当前,基层银行业不仅税负过高,而且税外收费过多。导致银行业税费负担沉重的原因在于:税收制度不合理、税收政策不公平、税收负担不均衡、税外收费不规范。必须变革税制设计思想,简税种、宽税基、低税率、少优惠、严征管,在标本兼治上规范税外收费行为。     

我国省际劳动、资本、消费有效税率的估算与比较

国际上衡量实际税收负担的一般方法为平均有效税率,采用这一国际通行方法,核算了1998－2012年我国各省级劳动、资本收入以及消费支出的平均有效税率,以反映这三种要素的真实负担情况,并将它与世界其它国家进行了比较研究。结果表明：各省劳动收入有效税率则呈上升态势,资本有效税率呈先下降再上升趋势,消费有效税率呈现不规则上升趋势;资本收入有效税率大大高于劳动收入和消费支出的有效税率;各省劳动和消费的有效税率还处于世界平均偏下水平,而资本有效税率处于世界平均偏上水平;地区比较来看,东部地区的劳动、资本、消费有效税率最大,西部次之,中部最低。表明西部地区的税负水平偏高,应该探索能够降低西部地区税负的有效途径,均衡地区之间的税收负担。     

When idealists evade taxes: the influence of personal moral philosophy on attitudes to tax evasion – a Lebanese study

This paper explores attitudes regarding tax evasion and the relationship between personal moral philosophy and such attitudes in a weak tax environment. The results confirm the multidimensionality of tax evasion attitudes. Idealism was negatively related to self‐interest tax evasion attitudes while relativism was positively related to such attitudes. Idealism was also positively related to tax evasion attitudes stemming from concerns about the justice of the tax system. Idealists in a weak tax environment seemingly go through a cognitive reframing process where they recognize that the tax system is unfair, and accordingly tax evasion is a way to serve a different moral absolute, that is of equity, rather than another different moral absolute, which is fulfilling obligations to governments. The results are also explained in light of the suggested low moral intensity of tax evasion among respondents. Policy implications are presented.     

Does the WTO Increase Trade and Cause Convergence?

We study whether proximity to the nearest tax haven affects FDI and the number of American affiliates in a tax haven. Our results show that distance to the nearest tax haven is positively related to FDI inflows and the number of American affiliates in tax havens. These findings suggest that there is harmful competition between tax havens. We also find evidence of positive spillovers: the number of American affiliates in a tax haven is positively related to the number of affiliates in its closest neighboring tax haven. This suggests the presence of agglomeration benefits given there is an affiliate in a nearby tax haven.     

Trade openness,tax reform and tax revenue in developing countries

This article investigates empirically whether the effect of tax reform (involving the progressive replacement of trade tax revenue with domestic tax revenue) in developing countries' tax revenue performance (measured by tax revenue‐to‐GDP ratio) depends on the degree of trade openness of these countries. The analysis has used an unbalanced panel data set of 95 developing countries over the period 1981–2015 and the two‐system GMM approach. Results suggest that tax reform is positively and significantly associated with tax revenue performance in developing countries, with the magnitude of this positive effect increasing as countries experience a higher development level. Additionally, and more importantly, countries that further open up their economies to international trade enjoy a higher positive effect of tax reform on tax revenue than countries that experience a lower degree of trade openness. Therefore, these findings should help dissipate the concerns of policymakers in developing countries that greater openness to international trade would further erode their tax revenue, including by lowering their international trade tax revenue. In fact, the implementation of an appropriate tax reform in the context of greater trade openness would generate higher tax revenue, while concurrently allowing countries to reap the well‐known benefits of international trade.     

我国房地产税制改革中的税权划分问题——基于国际比较的视角

在税收理论体系中,房地产税作为地方税收体系的主体税种,与分税制之间本身就存在着十分重要的联系。我国的房地产税改革实践不仅要注重对地方政府的既有收入的保障,更要推进现有分税制的完善。从国外房地产税制的成熟经验分析,税收收入的归属与税权的划分并不是统一的,本文旨在通过对房地产税的立法权、征收权、评估权的国际比较,为我国房地产税制改革中的税权划分提出建议。