Under the AEGIS of knowledge-intensive entrepreneurship: employment growth and gender of founders among European firms

An increasing number of theoretical and empirical analyses address the role of innovation as one of the main sources of firm growth. More recently, studies have looked at the role of gender diversity as a possible determinant of innovation and entrepreneurial performance. However, the relationship between gender and employment growth—a dimension of entrepreneurial performance—still remains unexplored to a large degree. This paper contributes to the empirical literature on gender and entrepreneurial performance in several ways. First, it examines the role played by both innovation and gender ownership as determinants of employment growth rates of young, knowledge-intensive entrepreneurial (KIE) firms. Second, it investigates the indirect impact of contributing factors—such as the characteristics of the market, knowledge-based capital, and human capital—on employment growth. And third, it relies on a rich new cross-sectional data set on young, KIE firms across European Union (EU) countries. The data set contains information not only on the gender of the firm’s founders but also on the market environment, business strategy, and innovative and economic performance of firms.     

Unlocking the Potential of Greater Female Employment in Europe

This paper investigates the drivers of female labour force participation in Europe, as well as the implications of achieving greater gender diversity in senior corporate positions. Re-examining the drivers of women’s decisions to work is particularly important in the context of Europe. In many European countries, the process of closing gender gaps in labour force participation has stalled, despite greater gender equality in human capital investment, declining birth rates, changing social norms and equal legal access to employment opportunities.     

社会性别视角下大学生就业意识的性别差异——以武汉地区高校为例

本文从社会性别的视角,采用问卷调查法对武汉地区6所高校的在校本科生进行就业意识性别差异调查,研究发现总体上当代大学生在就业中的主体意识增强,但就业意识较重视个人价值的实现,忽视社会责任。与男大学生对比,女大学生职业价值观的功利性突显;女大学生及其家庭在就业问题上心理压力更大;女大学生社会性别意识模糊,对于未来在职业与家庭间的定位较为迷茫;男、女大学生在职场存在不同的性别利益。因此,国家在制定与执行就业政策时,应考虑就业政策对两性的差异化的影响,避免政策层面的性别歧视或性别偏向。高校应将社会性别意识纳入就业促进工作,针对当前女大学生就业意识存在的问题进行干预。     

市场化转型中的城市女性失业：理论观点与实证发现

关于中国经济转型时期劳动力市场性别不平等的研究 ,现有文献涉及了根基于中国传统文化的性别歧视和旧的国家再分配体制与新兴市场机制的交互作用。围绕就业 (失业 )的性别不平等 ,归纳、提炼理论观点 ,提出研究假设 ,利用第五次全国人口普查抽样数据进行实证分析。分析显示 ,在两性就业差异上 ,没有发现性别歧视的作用 ;旧的国家再分配与新兴的市场机制对失业性别差异的交互影响作用于中低学历女性劳动者 ,而且这种作用是暂时的。这意味着 ,性别不平等的“自身逻辑”可能成为未来研究的主要关注点     

Women and Measures of Personnel Effectiveness

Abstract

This paper examines the maquiladoras along the Mexican border with regards to the labor force participation of women in this sector. The paper found a significant relationship between the age of the maquiladoras and industry type and their tendency to employ women. Specifically, older firms tended to be more female labor intensive as were certain industries. There was no significant relationship between gender employment intensity and rates of turnovers.     

浅析当前我国女性隐性就业歧视的现状与对策

女性就业中面临的性别歧视问题已经不再是一个简单的道德观念问题,而是一个关乎社会和谐的社会问题,是女性的社会价值问题。倡导中国社会的健康和谐发展,要着力把消除女性就业中的性别歧视当做女性解放事业中的一项大事来抓。     

Reexaminating Perceived Ethics Issues and Ethics Roles among Employment Managers

This paper reexamines the perceived ethical issues and roles of employment managers based on their responses to a recent "Ethical Issues in Human Resource Management Survey." This research addresses five major questions including: 1) Whether employment managers' perceptions of the factors influencing unethical behavior vary according to gender, job position, and company size, 2) What are the perceived frequency and seriousness of misconduct among HR functional areas, 3) Whether groups of employment managers (i.e., males and females) vary significantly in their perceptions of the seriousness of unethical events, 4) Whether gender and organizational level influence how often particular ethics roles are played, and 5) What particular roles are being played by employment managers as they respond to ethical dilemmas. The findings show that regardless of gender, position, or company size, employment managers' ethical behavior is influenced most by the behavior of senior managers and their immediate supervisors. In addition, the respondents believe that ethical misconduct occurs more often and is most serious in specialties such as employment, health, safety, and security, and compensation. Gender, industrial category, and company size have a significant impact on how serious unethical practices were perceived to be. Finally, seven of the eight ethics roles were matched with the ethical dilemmas submitted by the survey respondents.     

模式变迁与性别平等—社会性别视角中的中国城镇女性就业

计划经济时代我国城镇女性的就业模式是“去性别化”的,该模式导致女性对社会性别角色的偏识;市场机制迫切呼唤更加灵活、弹性和多样化的女性就业模式与之适应。“性别化”的就业模式满足机会均等原则,对促进我国女性就业具有积极作用。我国政府应建立一系列与新的就业模式配套的,包括劳动就业、社会保障、继续教育等引导性而非约束性的公平与效率统一的社会政策,积极帮助女性转换就业观念,调整就业模式,保障女性的合法权益。     

Gender Discrimination in Chinese Recruitment Advertisements: A Content Analysis

Sex-role stereotypes exist as a primary source of gender inequality in employment. This issue becomes even more salient in the social context of China, where the traditional view of female inferiority persists and the legal system provides inadequate protection of equal employment rights. Reporting a content analysis of Chinese recruitment advertisements, this article concludes that gender discrimination is practiced by Chinese employers in recruiting for white-collar positions. It also finds that female applicants are more likely to encounter other forms of discrimination such as age and physical appearance requirements as well.     

Gender Inequality and Growth in Europe

In this paper, we will briefly review the existing literature on the growth impacts of gender gaps and assess its relevance for the European situation. We will show that gender gaps in education in Europe are unlikely to play an important role for economic performance, but that gender gaps in employment appear to impose a significant efficiency cost in European countries where the gaps are large.     

Eliminating the Barriers to Employment Equity in the Canadian Workplace

Have employment equity programs achieved the goal of equity for women in the workplace? We argue that they have not because gender stereotypes still persist. In fact, they may have created resentment and antagonism towards successful women and employment equity initiatives. Arguments are developed for the Canadian government to create a self-regulating system, in which the government plays a role of educator as opposed to monitor.     

生育保险政策中的社会性别意识与女性平等就业权

目前我国通过立法等多种手段保证女性在就业领域不会因为生育期、哺乳期等问题而遭受性别歧视。但事实上，即使有相关法律政策的保护，女性因生育问题而导致的性别歧视问题依然存在，且有愈演愈烈的趋势。将社会性别意识纳入生育保险政策的主流有助于从理念上转变生育保险政策制定的出发点，从而减少因生育问题而导致的就业领域性别歧视。     

Employment in Estate Agents: Some Evidence from South West England

The estate agency industry has recently undergone a transformation from what was essentially a cottage industry into one dominated by large financial institutions. Despite the high profile of the industry now, little information exists on its characteristics and operations. This article presents some information on employment characteristics in the industry in the south west, focusing particularly on inter-regional differences and illustrating the affects on employment of the recent acquisition boom. Special attention is paid to the gender occupation mix.     

Job creation, job destruction, and the real exchange rate

Welfare gains from trade are reduced by adjustment costs associated with factor reallocation, but most studies of the effects of trade on labor markets focus only on net employment change. This paper takes a step toward identifying trade-related adjustment costs by estimating the effects of real exchange rates on labor reallocation using a new model of gross job creation and destruction applied to detailed U.S. manufacturing industries between 1973 and 1993. Trend real exchange rates significantly affect job reallocation but not net employment. Cyclical real exchange rates significantly affect net employment through job destruction only.     

基于VAR模型的人民币有效汇率就业效应

基于向量自回归模型,对人民币实际有效汇率的就业效应进行实证分析,结果表明就业量和人民币实际有效汇率之间存在长期均衡关系,长期而言人民币实际有效汇率上升1%就业量将下降0.1821%。因此,人民币实际有效汇率的波动率对就业量仅存在微弱的负面影响。     

The Gender Employment Gap: Costs and Policy Responses

This paper will firstly investigate the economic and the social costs associated with the observed gender employment gap. It will then discuss key aspects of the needed policy responses to foster and promote labour market participation among women.     

The Impact of Self-Esteem, Machiavellianism, and Social Capital on Attorneys' Traditional Gender Outlook

Utilizing a national sample of 106 attorneys and hierarchical regression analysis, this study identified several individual tendencies that could adversely affect women attorneys' career experiences. The findings indicated that self-esteem was negatively associated with a traditional gender outlook, and that Machiavellianism was positively associated with conservative beliefs about gender. Tolerance for diversity was negatively related to a traditional gender outlook, while work-based social agency was positively related to the preference for established gender roles. The results imply that confidence brings about greater acceptance of women's organizational roles, and that self-serving tendencies lower individuals' tolerance of women's employment. Diversity tolerance appears to prompt a nontraditional gender outlook, while social agency seems to prompt a traditional gender outlook. The organizational implications of the results are discussed along with the research limitations and recommendations for future inquiry.     

企业人力资源开发中性别歧视的表现形式——基于内容分析的访谈研究

This study focuses on the issue of gender discrimination manifested in the process of human resources development (HRD). A theoretical model is developed based on prior literature. Scenarios of gender discrimination in enterprises are obtained from in-depth interviews. Results of content analysis indicate that gender discrimination in HRD have four forms of manifestation, namely occupational gender segregation, employment gender discrimination, glass ceiling, and gender salary discrimination. Compared with top and middle-level managers, employees can perceive more employment-related gender discrimination and less glass ceiling. There is no significant difference between female and male in the above four manifestations. Compared with other types of enterprises, gender salary discrimination is more likely to happen in private enterprises, and occupational gender segregation and glass ceiling are more prevalent in foreign funded enterprises. It is also found that gender discrimination often occurs at the stage of job arrangement in the process of HRD. Translated and revised from Guanli Shijie 管理世界 (Management World), 2008, (11): 110–118     

ACCELERATING INFLATION OR RISING UNEMPLOYMENT -IS THERE AN ALTERNATIVE?

Empirical observations suggest the existence of an unstable inflation-unemployment trade-off: whereas high levels of employment generate accelerating inflation rates, stability of the price level seems to require growing rates of unemployment. Under these conditions, macroeconomic policy has to produce countervailing economic fluctuations in order to limit the extent of the two-sided instability. This is discussed within the framework of a macroeconomic model, in which prices and wages are determined by potential competition, and in which employment depends on monetary demand. The model is confronted with prevailing natural rate theories in which a stable equilibrium rate of employment is determined by supply conditions.     

Economic Benefits of Gender Equality in the EU

To analyse how gender equality measures can contribute to economic growth in the EU, the European Institute for Gender Equality studied the impacts of reducing gender inequalities in areas relevant from a macroeconomic perspective: STEM education, labour market activity and pay. It also considered the demographic changes that would take place if these gender gaps are reduced and a more equal distribution of unpaid care work between women and men is achieved. The study is the first of its kind to use a robust econometric model to estimate a broad range of macroeconomic benefits of gender equality at the EU level. The results of the modelling show that improved gender equality would have a largely positive effect on GDP per capita and on employment of women. The positive impacts are due to an increase in productivity and an improvement to the potential productive capacity of the economy.