中国居民财产分布不均等及其原因的经验分析

使用中国社会科学院经济研究所收入分配课题组1995年和2002年调查数据,本文对中国居民财产分布的不均等情况进行了描述,对这一不均等状况进行了分析。本文发现,中国居民的财产分布差距出现了快速而且明显扩大的趋势,这一扩大的趋势主要来自于城乡之间差距的急剧拉大。其中,城镇公有住房的私有化过程既造成了此间城镇财产差距的缩小,同时又扩大了城乡之间乃至全国财产的收入差距;而随着土地收益的下降,土地价值在农村居民财产总值中相对份额降低,造成其原本具有的缩小全国财产差距的作用减弱。另外,本文还认为,居民的金融资产对总财产分布不平等的推动作用将会进一步增强。     

二次分配对城镇居民收入差距的调节效果分析——基于2007—2010年安徽省城镇住户调查数据

本文利用安徽省城镇住户调查数据探讨了二次分配对城镇居民收入差距的调节效果。研究表明,个人所得税和最低生活保障制度对收入差距的调节效果微乎其微;社会保障支出在一定程度上缩小了可支配收入的基尼系数,但是考虑到单位对住房公积金、养老保险、医疗保险的配套支出,最终的结果扩大了城镇居民的收入差距;目前,养老金和退休金对调节收入差距的效果最为显著,但是养老金和退休金的收入差距也比较大。     

中国的腐败、收入分配和收入差距

基于中国2000-2007年的官方统计数据,本文考察了腐败的收入分配效应。研究发现,腐败是造成城镇居民收入差距的最主要原因,就样本区间内而言,腐败对城镇居民收入差距的贡献要远远高于除去经济增长外的其它影响因素;腐败的收入分配效应具体表现为:增加城镇20%最高收入组居民收入的同时降低了城镇其它收入组居民收入;此外,由于我们测算城镇居民收入差距的数据摘自官方统计资料,其没能将大量与腐败租金相关联的非法收入和灰色收入包括进来,因此我们的研究还意味着陈宗胜(2001)和王小鲁(2007)的早期研究均低估了腐败对居民真实收入差距的影响。     

中国城镇贫困问题的经验研究

<正> 经济体制改革对中国城镇居民收入及其收入分配所产生的效应是显而易见的。一方面城镇居民的人均货币收入和实际生活水平有了大幅度的提高;另一方面居民之间收入差距出现了不断扩大的趋势。随着收入不均等程度的扩大,贫困户的实际收入状况如何,也是人们关     

城镇居民初次分配和再分配收入差距的来源及贡献比较

测算了改革以来中国城镇居民收入差距,并利用收入来源分解基尼系数法对初次分配和再分配收入差距的来源及其对城镇居民收入差距的贡献进行了比较。研究表明,持续扩大的初次分配收入差距是城镇居民收入差距的主要因素;再分配收入对城镇居民收入差距逆向调节,其中二次分配收入没有起到有效缓解居民收入差距的作用,三次分配收入扩大了居民收入差距。城镇居民收入分配机制还有较大改革空间。     

中国金融发展水平与居民收入分配的实证分析

本文利用1978-2003年的时序数据对我国金融发展与全国、城镇、农村以及城乡居民收入分配的关系进行实证探讨。研究表明:(1)我国金融发展与全国、农村以及城乡居民收入分配之间存在单向因果关系,但与城镇居民收入分配之间的因果关系不显著;(2)我国金融发展显著扩大了全国、农村以及城乡居民收入不平等程度,这与我国金融发展滞后密切相关;(3)金融发展与全国居民收入分配差距的实证结果具有鲁棒性,金融发展显著且稳定地扩大全国居民收入分配差距。本文研究结论对我国收入分配政策以及宏观金融政策的制定与调整有借鉴意义。     

中国居民收入分配现状及其未来发展趋势

收入差距问题仍然是当今中国备受关注的社会问题之一,文章对收入分配与差距的最新变化进行了研究。2012年城镇、农村和城乡居民收入差距同时缩小,所以2012年总体收入差距也随之缩小。然而,未来城镇和农村居民收入差距会扩大,同时,城乡居民收入差距缩小速度减慢甚至转为收入差距扩大,所以中国总体居民收入差距将会扩大。至于功能性收入分配,由于第二产业产值比重的下降,2012年中国总体劳动报酬占比上升。住户、企业和政府间的分配格局继续朝着有利于政府的格局发展,特别是收入再分配制度强化了政府在三者分配格局中的优势。     

收入增长、劳动力外出与农村居民财产分布——基于四省农村的住户调查分析

本文在四省农村住户调查数据的基础上讨论了农村居民收入和外出行为对于家庭财产积累的影响。结果表明,农村居民的财产分布不均等程度要高于收入的不均等性,金融资产的不均等性尤其要高一些;财产不均等与收入不均等之间具有非常密切的关联性,收入不均等将转化为财产不均等。本文的结果也发现,家庭的外出决策对于财产积累,特别是金融资产的积累具有重要影响。     

收入分配差距与教育不均等经验研究

实现教育均等化是现代政府治理追求的目标之一。影响教育均等化的因素众多，收入分配就是其中一个重要的因素，已有研究主要在线性模型假设基础上检验收入分配差距与教育不均等之间的关系，研究结果并未能很好解释目前中国教育呈现的不均等问题。鉴于此，本文在前人研究基础上进一步利用中国经验数据，通过非线性ESTR模型检验了收入分配差距与教育不均等之间是否存在内在关系。实证检验发现：二者之间存在双向的格兰杰因果关系且呈现非线性动态关系，表现为前期在线性和非线性之间频繁转化，后期则趋于稳定。就政策建议而言，完善收入分配制度、提高初次分配中劳动收入占比、大力发展农村经济等有助于推进教育事业的均衡发展。     

中国城镇个人收入流动性研究

利用中国社会科学院经济研究所收入分配课题组1995年和2002年两次城镇居民住户调查数据,本文对城镇个人收入的流动性进行了经验分析,发现在1998—2002年间中国城镇个人的收入流动性比1991—1995年间显著下降。这种下降是全局性的,即不同特征人群的收入流动性都呈现出同步下降的趋势。1991—1995年间出现的较高的收入流动性,其结果是低文化程度者、退休人员和集体企业职工等人群迅速沉入收入分布的底层,而金融业人员、机关事业单位人员和管理人员等人群迅速升至收入分布的顶层。而1998—2002年期间,收入流动性的降低使得收入阶层的分化趋于稳定化。     

THE DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH IN URBAN CHINA AND IN CHINA AS A WHOLE IN 1995

The composition, inequality and determinants of wealth among households in urban China in 1995 are studied. In addition, we compare the wealth distribution in urban China with the wealth distribution in rural China and present the first estimates of inequality in the distribution of household wealth in China as a whole. The results show that housing wealth makes up a large part of net worth in urban China. Most urban Chinese households keep a bank account; debts are unusual. A household's net worth is strongly related to its income and location. Net worth is more unequally distributed among urban households than among rural households. However, compared to the situation in most industrialized countries, net worth in urban China and in China as a whole appear to be rather equally distributed.     

A Model of economic mobility and the distribution of wealth

This paper introduces new techniques to obtain a closed-form rank-by-rank characterization of the equilibrium distribution of wealth in a model in which finitely lived households face uninsurable idiosyncratic investment risk. A central result is that the extent of inequality is determined entirely by two factors. The first factor, household exposure to idiosyncratic investment risk, increases inequality. The second factor, cross-sectional mean reversion of household wealth, decreases inequality. We show that economic mobility is decreasing in inequality and increasing in mean reversion, a result that is consistent with recent empirical observations about the geographic variation in mobility that exists both domestically and internationally. Our approach allows us to examine the implications of increased market completeness in the form of a risk-sharing subgroup of households. We show that a risk-sharing subgroup rises or falls in the equilibrium wealth distribution depending on the level of inequality, and that its presence raises welfare and the rate of wealth accumulation for all households in the economy.     

HOUSEHOLD SAVING AND PORTFOLIO CHANGE: EVIDENCE FROM THE 1983–89 SCF PANEL

There are few sources of high-quality data on the dynamics of wealth accumulation. This paper uses newly available data from the 1983 89 panel of the Survey of Consumer Finances to examine household saving and portfolio change over the 1980s. Our main findings are as follows. First, median household wealth rose modestly over the period. Second, while overall wealth inequality increased, households in the top 1 percent of the wealth distribution in 1983 saw their share of total wealth decline, probably reflecting turnover among the very wealthy. Third, although age, income, and initial wealth had significant effects in regressions on household saving, a large part of the variation in saving was unexplained. Finally, there were clear life-cycle patterns in the portfolios of assets and liabilities held by households, with younger households acquiring homes, businesses and all types of debts, and older households divesting themselves of these assets and debts.     

Distributional consequences of asset price inflation in the Euro Area

We study the distributional consequences of housing price, bond price and equity price increases for Euro Area households using data from the Household Finance and Consumption Survey (HFCS). The capital gains from bond price and equity price increases turn out to be concentrated among relatively few households, while the median household strongly benefits from housing price increases. The capital gains from bond price increases (relative to household net wealth) do not correlate with household net wealth (or income). Bond price increases thus leave net wealth inequality largely unchanged. In contrast, equity price increases largely benefit the top end of the net wealth (and income) distribution, thus amplify net wealth inequality. Housing price increases display a hump shaped pattern over the net wealth distribution, with the poorest and richest households benefitting least, but there exists considerable heterogeneity across Euro Area countries. The ECB's OMT announcements over the summer of 2012 had quantitatively similar distributional implications as an unexpected loosening of the policy rate by about 175 basis points.     

Endogenous Inequality

Does the market economy exacerbate inequality across households? In a capitalistic society, do the rich maintain a high level of wealth at the expense of the poor? Or would an accumulation of the wealth by the rich eventually trickle down to the poor and pull the latter out of poverty? This paper presents a theoretical framework, in which one can address these questions in a systematic way. The model focuses on the role of the credit market, which determines the joint evolution of the distribution of wealth and the interest rate. A complete characterization of the steady states is provided. Under some configurations of the parameter values, the model predicts an endogenous and permanent separation of the population into the rich and the poor, where the rich maintains a high level of wealth partially due to the presence of the poor. Under others, the model predicts the Kuznets curve, i.e. the wealth eventually trickles down from the rich to the poor, eliminating inequality in the long run.     

中国城镇家庭财产水平研究:基于行为的视角

本文首先提出了一个各种因素影响家庭财产水平的理论框架。然后通过对奥尔多投资研究中心2007年"城市投资者行为调查问卷"数据的处理和实证分析,估算了中国城镇居民的财产函数,重点考察了户主的主观行为特征在财产积累过程中的重要作用。本文发现:户主投资参与度与风险偏好度的提高有利于家庭财产水平的增加;与低收入或者经济相对落后地区的家庭相比,对高收入或者经济发达地区的家庭来说,投资参与度与风险偏好度对家庭财产水平的积极影响更显著一些。最后,针对政府如何促进居民财产水平的提升,本文给出了相关的政策建议。     

The Impact of Inheritance on the Distribution of Wealth: Evidence from Great Britain

Using the British Household Panel Survey, we investigate the role of inheritance in shaping the distribution of household wealth in Great Britain during 1995–2005a period characterized by a substantial increase in wealth and an equally important decrease in wealth inequality. Abstracting from behavioral effects, we find that inheritances received during this period accounted for 30 percent of the increase in wealth of inheritors. Regression estimates of the effect of inheritance on wealth accumulation suggest that households spend 30 percent of their inheritances on average, and that there is substantial heterogeneity in household responses. Households that accumulated more wealth saved a larger share of their inheritances, as did middle aged households and those with lower initial wealth. Although inheritances are highly unequal they had a small impact on overall wealth inequality. This mainly reflected the fact that their size relative to other sources of wealth was very small.     

Redistributive taxation,wealth distribution,and economic growth

This paper examines the relationship between wealth distribution and economic growth in an endogenous growth model with heterogeneous households and redistributive taxation. In this paper, we incorporate an endogenous determination of redistributive policy into the model, focusing on the relation between pre- and post-tax inequality. Endogenous redistributive policy affects wealth distribution and economic growth. Therefore, the relation between post-tax inequality and economic growth is different from that between pre-tax inequality and economic growth. Results show that there exists a negative correlation between pre-tax inequality and economic growth, whereas there exists an inverted-U relationship between post-tax inequality and economic growth in a voting equilibrium.     

Bequests,taxation and the distribution of wealth in a general equilibrium model

This paper examines the role of bequests and of taxation on bequests for the distribution of wealth. We investigate a model with overlapping generations and heterogenous households where parents derive utility directly from their bequests. We obtain all results analytically. Using the coefficient of variation as the measure of inequality, bequests per se diminish the inequality of wealth since they raise private savings and hence average wealth holdings more than the variance of wealth. From a policy perspective, taxing bequests and redistributing government revenue lump-sum among the young generation further decreases wealth inequality.     

间接税归宿对城乡居民收入分配影响研究

使用全国城乡家庭消费和收入微观数据考察间接税对于城乡收入差距和收入分配的影响发现:平均来看,全国居民负担的税收占收入的比例是10.6%;不论在全国范围来看还是分别在城乡内部来看,间接税负担都呈现累退:低收入的负担率高于高收入的负担率。在城乡之间,城镇居民的税收负担率高于农村居民的税收负担率。间接税增加了城乡内部不平等,降低了城乡之间的不平等。间接税主要对低收入群体影响较大,略微恶化了整体收入不平等。