香港离岸市场发展对我国宏观经济的影响研究:兼论上海自贸区人民币离岸市场的构建北大核心CSSCISSCI

货币国际化过程必然伴随着离岸市场的高度发展,在人民币国际化进程中,香港离岸人民币市场发挥着至关重要的作用;然而,由于我国资本项目未完全开放、人民币非自由兑换货币等原因,离岸人民币与在岸人民币存在极大的套利空间,香港离岸人民币市场反而成为投机资本的集聚地,从而对我国宏观经济和金融秩序造成干扰。构建涵盖香港离岸人民币市场发展、人民币国际化程度、人民币跨境交易、我国宏观经济发展等在内的指标体系,运用FAVAR模型实证研究香港离岸市场发展对我国宏观经济的影响,并据此提出化解香港离岸人民币市场发展负向影响、构建上海自贸区离岸人民币市场、打造香港-上海全球人民币中心的政策建议。     

香港离岸市场发展对我国宏观经济的影响研究:兼论上海自贸区人民币离岸市场的构建

货币国际化过程必然伴随着离岸市场的高度发展,在人民币国际化进程中,香港离岸人民币市场发挥着至关重要的作用;然而,由于我国资本项目未完全开放、人民币非自由兑换货币等原因,离岸人民币与在岸人民币存在极大的套利空间,香港离岸人民币市场反而成为投机资本的集聚地,从而对我国宏观经济和金融秩序造成干扰。构建涵盖香港离岸人民币市场发展、人民币国际化程度、人民币跨境交易、我国宏观经济发展等在内的指标体系,运用FAVAR模型实证研究香港离岸市场发展对我国宏观经济的影响,并据此提出化解香港离岸人民币市场发展负向影响、构建上海自贸区离岸人民币市场、打造香港-上海全球人民币中心的政策建议。     

如何更好地发展我国的离岸人民币市场

推进人民币国际化的重要途径是发展离岸人民币业务,而发展离岸人民币业务的重要途径是发展我国香港离岸人民币市场。而促进内地保税港区发展离岸人民币业务,并实现与香港市场的对接和互动发展,是促进香港离岸人民币市场乃至全国的离岸人民币市场更好发展的重要途径,更是促进内地保税港区经济进一步对外开放,并带动整个内地经济进一步改革开放和发展的重要途径。     

人民币离岸市场发展现状及展望

人民币离岸市场的形成和发展,对人民币国际化,人民币金融产品创新具有巨大的推进作用。文章介绍了香港人民币离岸市场近几年发展情况和新加坡、伦敦人民币离岸市场业务发展现状,并对三个离岸市场的未来发展定位,货币当局政策提出建议。     

拓宽人民币国际化发展的路径——在内地保税港区发展离岸人民币业务

推进人民币国际化是中国改革开放和经济发展的一个大战略，而推进人民币国际化的一个重要途径是发展离岸人民币业务，发展离岸人民币业务的一个重要途径则是发展香港离岸人民币市场。近年来在香港初步成功地建立和发展离岸人民币业务，如果进一步拓宽渠道，促进内地保税港区建立和发展离岸人民币业务，     

国际化背景下的香港人民币离岸金融中心建设

当前国内经济增速放缓、国际金融市场振幅较大,建设人民币离岸中心对我国金融发展意义重大。2011年8月,中央政府宣布了在香港建立人民币离岸中心试点。人民币离岸金融中心将推动人民币的国际化竞争力,对国内经济发展也会起到巨大的推动作用。本文通过对香港人民币离岸市场发展现状的分析,对比了香港和新加坡两地开展人民币离岸业务的优势和存在问题。基于以上基础,对建设香港人民币离岸中心做出前景展望。     

香港离岸人民币市场的发展路径及其影响

测算了在香港开展人民币离岸业务的潜在市场。发展香港人民币离岸市场的积极意义首先表现在其能够将境外流通的人民币纳入银行体系，便于监管当局掌握人民币境外流动规模的变动，形成一个完全市场化的人民币利率和汇率指标，当前还可以纾缓人民币升值的压力。对于香港而言，还可以通过建立和强化香港的金融基础设施而为日后香港开展全面广泛的人民币离岸业务提供基础和平台。     

汇率与资本项目管制下的人民币国际化

本文分析了香港人民币离岸市场上的套利交易活动以及离岸与在岸市场之间的互动机制。人民币离岸市场发展的主要驱动力量在于套利和套汇,但与一般套汇活动的不同之处在于:由于内地货币当局在外汇市场持续干预下的人民币小幅渐进升值,人民币离岸市场的套利空间不会因为套利活动增加而收窄。这意味着,在人民币离岸市场迅速发展的情况下,人民币汇率制度改革将更具有其紧迫性。     

香港人民币离岸市场发展中的套利套汇问题研究北大核心CSSCISSCI

目前香港人民币离岸市场发展和人民币国际化推进的市场驱动力部分来自于两地的套利套汇活动。该活动推动的人民币国际化不是建立在真实的贸易和投资需求基础之上,可能使得本国货币成为国际市场上的投机货币。其相应的资金流动具有典型的投机性和不稳定性,容易出现逆转,将严重影响中国金融体系的稳定和人民币国际化的稳步推进。     

香港离岸人民币金融市场的现状、前景、问题与风险

次贷危机爆发以来,人民币国际化的步伐显著加快;与此同时,香港人民币离岸市场也迅猛发展。仅以香港人民币存款为例,2009年和2010年末数量分别为627亿、3149亿元人民币;目前甚至已经突破了4000亿。这种发展势头,在令人鼓舞的同时也同样让人不安。作者在实地调研的基础上,回顾、分析了香港离岸人民币市场的最新进展,然后着重对其中存在的问题和风险进行了分析,并提出了政策建议。     

Chinese Offshore RMB Currency and Bond Markets： The Role of Hong Kong

This paper discusses the role of Hong Kong in China’s grand scheme to build up the RMB as a global reserve currency.We highlight the economic importance of Hong Kong to China in terms of channeling foreign direct investment into China,some of which,in the future,will be denominated in the RMB.We discuss the development of China’s RMB currency swap and deposit markets in Hong Kong.These offshore markets enable the RMB to trade freely, setting the stage for the RMB to become fully convertible and allowing market forces to play a role in pricing the value of the RMB,and help in the development of the RMB-denominated bond(or dim sum bond)market in Hong Kong.Finally,we present evidence of the phenomenal growth of the dim sum bond market in Hong Kong,which can further enhance and strengthen the use of the RMB outside China.     

Are Offshore RMB Arrangements the Basis for a Long-term Exchange Rate System without Convertibility？

This paper discusses China's relatively new structure of dual onshore and offshore RMB markets. Its distinguishing feature is both offshore trading at exchange rates that are market determined and onshore trading at exchange rates anchored at the official spot rate with capital account inconvertibility. We note that thus far the CNH and CNY spot rates have largely tracked each other, suggesting that the shadow price on the convertibility constraint onshore and also the offshore diversification benefit is close to zero. However, this could change in the future. We discuss the potential for the offshore RMB market to grow with trade settlement and bilateral swap arrangements in RMB, which would provide a big enough pool of liquidity for the RMB to become a vehicle currency and reserve currency. These potential developments will be restrained by onshore inconvertibility, but moving to convertibility seemingly implies major change in China's financial structure and the offshore RMB arrangements are only a small first step along this path. Crucial in this evolution of arrangements will be future Chinese growth performance and the relative attractiveness of onshore inconvertible but offshore marketable RMB relative to the debt laden and slow growth currencies of the USA, the EU and Japan.     

Renminbi Derivatives： Recent Development and Issues

This study reviews the developments in the onshore and offshore renminbi derivatives markets. The onshore market has seen a rapid build‐up in the market infrastructure and price discovery mechanism in the past year, with empirical evidence suggesting that its pricing is increasingly determined by financial fundamentals, such as the covered interest rate parity. However, the growth of the market has been restrained by restrictions on the participant base, limited variations in the RMB/US$ exchange rate, market participants’lack of technical capacity and experience, and inadequate supporting financial market infrastructure. The non‐deliverable forward (NDF) market, concentrated in Hong Kong and Singapore, is more developed, but has the drawback that its pricing is not tied to financial fundamentals. The comparison between onshore and offshore markets suggests that two issues are of particular importance for future derivatives market development in China: the balance between regulation and development, and the relationship between onshore and offshore markets.     

香港离岸金融中心的国际地位与竞争力分析

本文基于离岸金融角度,研究香港银行业、股票市场和资产管理业务的国际化经营特点。并以1995-2011年季度数据量化变量之间的长期均衡关系,探讨香港银行业的离岸资产与负债增长特点、股票市场的国际化运作方式,以及资产管理业迅速发展的原因,并用格兰杰因果检验方法量化离岸金融与在岸经济和在岸金融的长期均衡关系。     

One country,two currencies: The adoption of the Hong Kong currency board, 1983

Currency boards have had an enduring attraction as a solution to exchange rate and monetary credibility for small open economies, despite few successful examples. In this context, the case of Hong Kong stands out for its longevity; it survived the handover to China, the Asian financial crises in 1997, and the global crises in 2007–8 and 2020. The 1983 currency crisis and the decision to link the exchange rate to the US$ is usually treated as an outcome of local political uncertainty due to the Sino-British negotiations which set the framework for how Hong Kong would fit with the rest of China after 1997. We present fresh archival evidence from Hong Kong and London to reveal the year-long debates over Hong Kong's monetary system after a drop in the exchange rate in September 1982 and to demonstrate how most of the protagonists in Hong Kong and London came only reluctantly to accept the idea of re-pegging the dollar once public expectations had been raised. We also show how the mixture of currency and banking instability affected the terms of the negotiations in 1982 and 1983 and set the framework for the one country, two currencies system that prevails today.     

The co-movement of stock markets in East Asia: Did the 1997–1998 Asian financial crisis really strengthen stock market integration?

This paper examines the integration and causality of interdependencies among seven major East Asian stock exchanges before, during, and after the 1997–1998 Asian financial crisis. For this purpose, we use daily stock market data from July 1, 1992 to June 30, 2003 in local currency as well as US dollar terms. The data reveal that the relationships among East Asian stock markets are time varying. While stock market interactions are limited before the Asian financial crisis, we find that Hong Kong and Singapore respond significantly to shocks in most other East Asian markets, including Shanghai and Shenzhen, during this crisis. After the crisis, shocks in Hong Kong and Singapore largely affect other East Asian stock markets, except for those in Mainland China. Finally, considering the role of the USA shows that it strongly influences stock returns in East Asia – except for Mainland China – in all periods, while the reverse does not hold true.     

从当前的人民币汇率波动看人民币国际化

开放贸易项下人民币结算,使得香港离岸人民币(CNH)外汇市场得以与大陆在岸人民币(CNY)外汇市场并存。由于同时存在两个人民币外汇市场和两个人民币汇率,且资金可以相对自由地流动,套利活动和套汇活动得以大行其道。最近CNY的贬值主要是套汇和套利发生方向性逆转的结果。     

Renminbi Going Global

The present paper evaluates the international status of the Chinese currency, the renminbi (RMB), by examining its use in the global market. Specifically, the discussion focuses on the recent developments of RMB trading in the global foreign exchange market, cross‐border trade settlement in RMB, the Hong Kong offshore market and China's policies relating to the RMB. The evidence suggests that the use of the RMB overseas, especially in trade financing and in the off‐shore market, has increased rapidly in recent years. However, compared with the size of the Chinese economy, the current scale of the use of the RMB is quite small. Although the RMB has great potential to become an international currency, its acceptance in the global economy is affected by both economic and political factors. Attaining a fully fledged international RMB is still a distant goal.     

新加坡金融服务双向贸易的决定因素

从金融市场结构看,新加坡出口市场更分散,且重要市场比重下滑,但对印度金融服务出口快速上升;而香港金融服务出口更集中且国际化多元化突出。新加坡金融服务与日、韩、香港、美等GL指数较高呈水平分工,与中国和印度GL指数较低呈垂直分工。而决定这一分工现状的主要因素依次为金融市场规模、外来投资以及金融市场开放程度。     

THE HONG KONG CURRENCY BOARD'S DEFENSE AGAINST FINANCIAL MARKET PRESSURE: A BEHAVIORAL PERSPECTIVE

Exchange rate regimes do not operate in an institutional vacuum, even when the scope for exercising policy discretion is distinctly limited. The Hong Kong linked exchange rate system is no exception. An interesting feature of the institutional environment in this case, not highlighted previously, is the apparent divergence in the assumptions of policymakers and market players regarding the merits of this mechanism in particular and currency boards in general. The corollary is that the Hong Kong monetary authorities need to intensify their efforts to disseminate relevant information, focusing especially on targets in the financial sector.