汇率制度与银行危机成因:基于银行危机爆发和持续时间的研究

汇率制度选择与银行危机成因一直以来是金融领域的研究热点,但对于不同汇率制度与银行危机之间的关系,至今还未得到统一的结论。据此,文章根据1976～2016年IMF对不同国家银行危机爆发的统计数据,并结合相关宏观数据,试图探究银行危机成因、持续时间与汇率制度之间的潜在关系。研究显示,相比于浮动汇率制度,固定汇率制度和中间汇率制度均能降低一国发生银行危机的概率;这一作用就不同收入水平的国家存在差异性,中等收入水平国家采用固定汇率制度更不易于发生银行危机;在银行危机持续时间研究上,固定汇率制度对延长银行危机持续期的作用最大,中间汇率制度次之,浮动汇率制度的作用最小。上述结论在考虑内生性、模型稳健性的情况下仍然成立。本文研究结论意味着汇率制度选择存在"两难境遇","审时度势、顺势而为"才是最优的汇率制度选择方案。     

制度安排、预期形成与固定汇率制度选择误差修正模型有两种方法 ,两者是等价的 ,在实践中大多选择第二种方法 ,因为其结构简单、美观 ,参见易丹辉 (2 0 0 2 )主编《数据分析与 Eviews应用》,第 15 1-15 5页。另外 ,由于 Eviews需要自己确定常数项 ,而作者在对阿根廷的检

固定汇率制度是新兴市场国家的首选 ,但是它在不同国家 (地区 )的运行效率和经济绩效并不相同 ,传统的汇率制度选择理论不能对此做出有效的解释。本文首先提出三个假说 ,然后通过分析时间序列对假说进行计量检验 ,进而对一国 (地区 )选择固定汇率制度依据的标准进行重新审视 ,最后运用这些假说讨论人民币汇率制度改革需要关注和解决的问题。     

波兰和泰国汇率制度改革经验与启示

经济环境的变化决定着汇率制度的变迁。波兰转轨以来汇率制度相继选择了单一盯住美元、盯住一篮子货币、爬行区间浮动和自由浮动等形式。泰国二战至亚洲金融危机爆发前一直采用单一盯住美元的固定汇率制度。文章据此结合我国人民币汇率制度得出如下经验与启示：应牢牢把握汇率制度调整的主动权并渐进改革,协调好汇率制度与货币政策的关系,与汇率制度相配合有步骤地开放资本项目,加强金融监管尤其是加强对货币错配的审慎性监管等。     

经济转型时期的汇率制度选择

汇率制度选择的目标取向 1973年,随着布雷顿森林体系的崩溃,固定汇率制度也宣告终结.自1978年"牙买加协定"生效以来,世界各国汇率制度有了明显变化,实行管理浮动或独立浮动汇率制度的国家增多,实行固定汇率和钉住汇率制度国家减少,尤其是钉住美元的国家下降较多.目前除了少数几个发达国家或区域能够保持汇率的完全浮动以外,如美国、日本、欧盟等,其他国家多是采取钉住上述之一货币或一揽子货币的汇率制度,即钉住汇率制度.     

人民币汇率政策的选择--比较固定与浮动汇率制之优劣,兼析现行人民币汇率制度改革

任何汇率制度均有其优劣．并随时间和条件的变迁而改变．只有符合一国当时的国情,利大于弊,才是较优选择。文章通过在我国现行金融市场和开放务件下,人民币固定汇率与汇动汇率之优劣的比较分析．得出现行的人民币汇率制度改革是大势所趋．管理浮动应该是人民币今后较长时期的较优选择．同时．还就我国金融深化和宏观政策搭配提由了几点有益的建议,以确保汇率制度改革的成功,即管理浮动汇率制的有效运行和持续,     

汇率制度选择和宏观经济绩效——基于面板数据的分析:1990～2005

学界曾普遍达成共识,对熨平资本市场波动而言,固定汇率制度表现更优;而浮动汇率制度更有利于商品市场层面的波动调整。然而在亚洲、俄罗斯、巴西及阿根廷经历金融危机后,对不同汇率制度属性的研究重新兴起。伴随着30多年的对外开放,我国汇率制度实质上经历了4个阶段的演变。基于国内外学者的相关研究,作者分别应用面板数据分析和Probit模型对各种汇率制度的表现和我国政府的汇率选择行为展开实证研究。我们认为,对人民币汇率制度选择的研究首先应建立在深入考察中国宏观经济现实的基础之上,中国的汇率制度改革应与宏观经济运行的基本面相契合。     

迈向开放经济背景下对中国汇率制度选择的思考——“两极制度”还是“中间制度”

人民币有管理的浮动汇率制近几年来已经表现为钉住美元的固定汇率制度。不是人民币害怕浮动,而是在资本帐户未开放的条件下不需要浮动。但并不意味着这种汇率制度在中国进一步迈向开放经济的背景下是没有缺陷的。因而,存在汇率制度重新选择的问题。短期和中期,“中间制度消失论”是不适用于中国的;长期,选择独立浮动汇率制将是必然。这需要有一个过渡和路径的安排。钉住一篮子货币和目标区制度可以分别作为短期和中期的制度安排。     

发展中国家汇率制度的选择

发展中国家汇率安排方式变化,体现了一种从固定汇率到中间汇率,又从中间到两极汇率的发展趋势,但两极汇率制度真的像部分经济学家宣扬的那样适合发展中国家吗？本文在分析中间汇率制度缺陷的同时,阐述了两极汇率制度对发展中国家的不适用性,并最终对发展中国家的汇率制度选择提出建议。     

汇率制度选择的国际经验与中国应用

本文梳理了汇率制度选择文献的研究方法,确定了"国际经验中国应用"的分析思路,通过利用77个国家1998~2003年的数据,以LYS事实汇率分类法的数据为被解释变量,利用有序Probit模型,考虑不同的样本口径分三个阶段探讨了国际汇率制度选择的经验规律,并将中国数据应用于国际经验模型,得出中国选择各种汇率制度的概率分布。我们发现,发达和非发达国家具有不同的汇率制度选择规律;国际金融危机影响了非发达国家的选择规律;以发达国家经验来看,中国选择浮动汇率制度的概率接近1;而以非发达国家经验来看,中国选择固定汇率制度的概率为0.67。数量分析解释了这种表面上的矛盾。关于中外争议颇大的人民币汇率弹性问题,我们的分析表明,中外双方从逻辑上来说都没错,只是看问题的角度不同,套用的经验不同。     

从“三元悖论”谈我国人民币汇率制度的选择

作为经典的汇率制度选择依据--"三元悖论",长期以来一直被学术界所信奉,同样在我国,近年来关于人民币汇率制度的选择问题也是一直以此为基石.认为人民币汇率制度的选择主要依据是我国中央银行的货币政策自主,然而本文将利用Mendel-Fleming和Mendel-Fleming-Dornbusch两个模型去分析,得出即使在国际资本完全不自由流动下的固定汇率政策以及在国际资本的完全自由流动情况下的浮动汇率政策都无法完全得以实现,从而理清了我国人民币汇率制度选择时依赖于中央银行货币政策自主的模糊认识.     

惯性困局：固定汇率制度改革之难题

历史观察发现,尽管均衡汇率随着宏观经济变量不断变化,汇率制度的演变却是十分缓慢的。本文利用持续期模型研究布雷顿森林体系结束至2004年的跨国数据,发现固定汇率制度具有很强的惯性特征,一国退出固定汇率制度的概率随着时间的推移不断下降。进一步,这种效应对于发展中国家较之发达国家更强。因此,在经济转型过程中,即便灵活的浮动汇率制度具备更高的效率,长期存在的固定汇率安排也不会轻易被放弃。汇率制度改革同其他领域的制度改革一样,只是经济环境成熟还远远不够,更需要一些特别地契机。     

The Importance of the Exchange Rate Regime in Limiting Misalignment

This paper explores how the choice of a country’s exchange rate regime may affect exchange rate misalignment for developing and developed countries. A measure of misalignment is obtained by using a panel cointegration vector estimator. This paper finds that for developing countries, an intermediate exchange rate regime (a regime falling somewhere between a pure float and a hard peg) is most effective in preventing exchange rate misalignment. Additionally, the choice of an exchange rate regime as a means to limit misalignment matters for developing countries, but does not seem to matter for developed countries.     

De Facto Exchange Rate Regime Classifications: An Evaluation

There exist several statistically-based exchange rate regime classifications that disagree with one another to a disappointing degree. To what extent is this a matter of the quality of the design of these schemes, and to what extent does it reflect the need to supplement statistics with other information (as is done in the IMF’s de facto classification)? It is shown that statistical methods are good at the basics (distinguishing some type of peg from some type of float), but less helpful in other respects, such as determining whether a float is managed, particularly for countries that are not very remote from their main trading partners. Different measures of exchange rate volatility have been used but are not primarily responsible for differences between classifications. The theoretical underpinning of particular classification schemes needs to be more explicit.     

中国商业银行汇率风险管理的对策建议——美国、香港等地汇率风险管理经验的启示

2005年7月21日起，人民币开始实行有管理的浮动汇率制度。中国商业银行将面对什么样的汇率风险，如何进行汇率风险管理成为当前的一个重要问题。本文分析了中国商业银行面临的汇率风险、商业银行汇率风险管理现状，在借鉴外资银行实践经验的基础上，提出提高国内商业银行汇率风险管理水平的政策。     

BASKET PEGS AND EXCHANGE RATE REGIME CHANGE: AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND IN THE MID‐SEVENTIES*

The adoption of a basket peg by China in July 2005 raised interest in this form of exchange rate regime. This paper explores the emergence of the basket peg in the early 1970s, using New Zealand and Australia as case studies to examine why it was adopted, how it operated, and their policy‐makers' use of it to influence various goals. We highlight the complexity of regime choice following the collapse of Bretton Woods. For Australia and New Zealand, the basket peg was a plausible (although interim) solution when they were reluctant either to peg to a single currency or float.     

A reinvestigation of the new RMB exchange rate regime

To examine the new renminbi exchange rate regime rigorously, we employ the STARTZ model to investigate renminbi nominal effective exchange rate behavior from mid-2006 to mid-2008. A managed float with a target central parity and without an explicit band best describes the daily exchange rate movement between renminbi and other currencies. We also find some peculiar attributes of the renminbi nominal effective exchange rate, including small conditional variance and stronger effects from government interventions in foreign exchange markets.     

The Swedish real exchange rate under different currency regimes

This paper presents evidence on the behaviour of the Swedish real exchange rate relative to Germany under different currency regimes during the period 1973:1–2001:4. The results suggest that the real exchange rate is cointegrated with Swedish and German productivity, which is consistent with Balassa (1964) and Samuelson (1964). In the short run, the exchange rate regime has mattered for the dynamics of the real exchange rate. Deviations from long-run equilibrium have been adjusted more quickly when the nominal exchange rate has been allowed to float freely. JEL no. C22, E31, F41     

What Makes Currencies Volatile? An Empirical Investigation

Real effective exchange rate volatility is examined for 90 countries using monthly data from January 1990 to June 2006. Volatility decreases with openness to international trade and per capita GDP, and increases with inflation, particularly under a horizontal peg or band, and with terms-of-trade volatility. The choice of exchange rate regime matters. After controlling for these effects, an independent float adds at least 45% to the standard deviation of the real effective exchange rate, relative to a conventional peg, but most other regimes make little difference. The results are robust to alternative volatility measures and to sample selection bias.     

The Controversy of Exchange Rate Devaluation in Sudan: An Economy‐wide General Equilibrium Assessment

Abstract: The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has worked with Sudan since 1997 to implement a managed float exchange rate. The IMF sees exchange rate flexibility as key to safeguard and rebuild foreign exchange reserves and essential to meet the international reserve target in Sudan. However, authorities in Sudan are concerned about the inflationary pressures that exchange rate flexibility may cause. A review of the literature reflects huge ambiguity about the outcome of exchange rate policies in Sudan. This calls for additional empirical investigations. This paper applies a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to investigate the possible effects of devaluing the currently overvalued Sudanese pound, by simulating a depreciation of the Sudanese pound by 5 per cent, 10 per cent and 15 per cent. Based on the results, the study recommends that additional flexibility of the Sudanese exchange rate regime as suggested by the IMF be carefully considered if such flexibility devalues the Sudanese pound.     

Retrospect of the Chinese Exchange Rate Regime after Reform： Stylized Facts during the Period from 2005 to 2010

In the present paper, we estimate the de facto RMB exchange rate regime, the currency basket, the floating band and the foreign exchange market pressure before and after the reform of the Chinese exchange rate regime in 2005. We find the following stylized facts： the value of the RAIB became stable after the reform; the weight of the US dollar remained high in the basket, while other currencies remained statistically significant; and the floating band gradually increased to lO percent during 2005-2008, and then greatly narrowed from the late summer of 2008 under the assumption of a yearly resetting interval. We find that the foreign exchange market pressure increased from 2005 to 2008. A possible reason is that the weight of the US dollar in the basket was slightly lower than the share of the US dollar in total transactions on the Chinese foreign exchange market. Therefore, it is reasonable for China to adopt a dollar peg exchange rate regime.