人民币汇率波动高阶矩风险的测度研究

为了考察人民币汇率高阶矩风险的动态特征,本文首先采用拉格朗日乘子检验对人民币/美元名义汇率收益率序列是否存在异方差、异偏度和异峰度效应进行判断,然后运用自回归条件方差偏度峰度模型对汇率波动的高阶矩风险进行测量.研究表明,人民币汇率波动的方差风险和偏度风险具有时变特征,而峰度风险不具有时变性,鉴于人民币汇率风险的时变性,应该从动态角度进行汇率风险的防范与规避.     

境内外人民币外汇市场的多阶矩风险溢出效应研究

本文测算了人民币汇率的意外波动率、条件偏度和条件峰度等多阶矩风险指标,结合DY溢出指数模型与DCC-GARCH模型研究了境内人民币外汇市场、香港离岸外汇市场和NDF市场之间的风险溢出效应。研究发现：人民币汇率的高阶矩波动率能够更好地捕捉到小概率冲击或极端冲击的影响;在频域视角下,境内外人民币外汇市场间存在显著的静态风险溢出效应,且意外波动率风险溢出效应持续期相对较长,境内市场是风险溢出的源头,往往以香港离岸市场为中介将风险传导至NDF市场;从时域角度看,各阶矩下的风险溢出效应都具有不断增强的时变特征,且对未预期冲击、小概率冲击和极端冲击较为敏感;就风险溢出效应所体现的风险联动性来看,境内外市场的风险联动性在各阶矩维度下也都是显著的。     

人民币汇率高阶矩风险的持续性研究

为了考察人民币汇率高阶矩风险的持续性,本文通过单位根检验和脉冲响应函数分别对人民币汇率收益率序列的条件方差、条件偏度和条件峰度过程进行持续性和持续期研究。研究表明,人民币汇率的方差风险和偏度风险具有持续性而峰度风险不具有持续性。方差风险的影响在持续期内迅速衰减而偏度风险的影响在持续期内震荡衰减。鉴于汇率波动的方差风险和偏度风险具有持续性,其风险的规避应在协同持续的基础上进行。     

外汇期权信息含量与在岸离岸市场效率

央行在“8·11”汇改后放松了汇率中间价的管理,采用更为市场化的方式形成中间价,这种变化对于人民币汇率衍生品市场的影响尚属未知。为此,本文从人民币期权组合的Black-Scholes隐含波动率历史报价数据中提取出在岸、离岸市场人民币期权的无模型隐含波动率和风险中性偏度,在将样本划分为汇改前后三个不同的阶段的基础上,检验了期权隐含指标对未来汇率分布的预测能力。实证结果表明,在“8·11”汇改之后,随着人民币中间价形成机制变得更加市场化,期权价格中包含了越来越多关于未来汇率分布的信息,在岸和离岸期权市场的信息效率都有显著提高,意味着人民币中间价形成机制的市场化能显著提升我国金融市场效率。因此,在兼顾金融安全的角度上,稳步促进人民币中间价形成机制市场化进程将有利于我国金融市场效率的提高。     

从期权Delta数据变化看客户汇率套保策略选择

<正>人民币外汇未到期期权Delta净敞口持续增长,反映了期权隐含的客户结汇存量超过售汇存量。期权Delta净敞口的变动与持续的结售汇顺差数据相一致,也反映了对于人民币汇率的双向波动预期;从买卖方向看,主要为客户卖出波动率交易。预计未来人民币汇率波动率水平可能震荡走升。基于汇率风险中性原则,客户可把握当前低波动率水平,买入价外期权或者办理相关的期权组合进行汇率套保。     

人民币外汇期权隐含波动率和实际波动率的比较研究——兼论对交易和汇兑层面宏观审慎管理的启示

本文运用外汇期权和即期市场的大量基础数据,使用"无模型"方法计算了人民币汇率的期限为一个月的期权隐含波动率和实际波动率,Wilconxon符号秩次检验表明它们存在显著差异,体现了汇率波动率不确定性的风险,且811汇改后,这种差异在增大.本文实证分析发现:市场结售汇对隐含波动率有显著影响,811汇改前后,售汇行为波动增大...     

中国外汇衍生品市场天高海阔

人民币期权的波动率与境外汇率期权市场的联动性将进一步加强。随着更多参与者的进入,境内期权市场波动率变化的滞后时间将进一步缩短。中国外汇衍生品市场经过多年健康发展,在市场参与主体多元化的同时,交易产品也不断丰富。随着人民币汇率弹性的不断增强,人民币远掉和期权市场也得到了长足的发展。     

投资者情绪、期权隐含信息与股市波动率预测——基于上证50ETF期权的经验研究

在异质自回归模型(HAR-RV)中引入中国上证50ETF期权隐含信息和投资者情绪,本文分别对中国股票市场未来日、周和月波动率进行预测。研究发现,期权隐含信息和投资者情绪能够提高HAR-RV模型对股票市场未来波动率的预测效果。投资者情绪对未来波动率的影响存在两种机制:在情绪高涨期间,月已实现波动率与未来波动率正相关,说明以个人投资者占主体所引起的价格信息机制,在中国股票市场交易中占主导作用;风险中性偏度与未来波动率负相关,说明以个人投资者占主体所引起的噪声交易机制占主导作用。     

基于开放型泰勒规则和贝叶斯模型平均方法预测人民币汇率的实证分析

文章选取13个解释变量,运用贝叶斯模型平均方法建立动态模型,筛选出对人民币汇率影响最大的自变量以及模型进行回归分析,进而预测人民币汇率。研究支持了近期市场主流观点,即美元指数、汇率风险溢价、中美利率差额等对近期人民币汇率影响较大,并发现外汇占款等其他影响较大的因素。文章建议将人民币回归预测结果与汇率期权执行价格相结合,引导企业坚持"风险中性",专心专注主营业务。     

外汇期权市场与人民币汇率的风险定价

本文利用大量隐含波动率的基础数据和密集的插值计算,编制人民币汇率市场情绪指数,分析情绪指数的信息含义,并在此基础上研究情绪指数与汇率风险定价之间的关系,发现8.11汇改后波动率不确定性的风险已体现在汇率定价中,人民币汇率形成机制更趋成熟。根据研究结论,建议参考市场售汇和美元指数变动情况进一步完善隐含波动率报价。     

Do Newly Listed Derivatives Affect the Market Risk Premium in a Thin Stock Market?

This study examines the effects on the stock market unitary risk premium and volatility associated with the listing of stock and stock index derivatives in Switzerland. Based on a univariate GARCH (1,1) specification of the stock index variance and a time-varying unitary risk premium representation, we can reject the hypothesis that stock and stock index derivatives listings do not affect the total risk premium. Contrarily to previous empirical evidence, we find that derivatives listings affect both the conditional market returns' variance and the unitary risk premium through structural shocks. The gradual market completion hypothesis is further corroborated in that, cumulatively, the three stock and stock index options futures derivatives listings reduced the unitary risk premium while the marginal impact of each successive listing decayed.     

The implied volatility term structure of stock index options

This paper tests the expectations hypothesis of the term structure of implied volatility for several national stock market indexes. The tests indicate that the slope of at-the-money implied volatility over different maturities has predictive ability for future short-dated implied volatility, although not to the extent predicted by the expectations hypothesis. The low forecast power may be due to failure to control for a risk premium in the prices of the options. Evidence is presented that a time-varying risk premium proportional to the level of market volatility is consistent with the results.     

Components of Market Risk and Return

This article proposes a flexible but parsimonious specificationof the joint dynamics of market risk and return to produce forecastsof a time-varying market equity premium. Our parsimonious volatilitymodel allows components to decay at different rates, generatesmean-reverting forecasts, and allows variance targeting. Thesefeatures contribute to realistic equity premium forecasts forthe U.S. market over the 1840–2006 period. For example,the premium forecast was low in the mid-1990s but has recentlyincreased. Although the market's total conditional variancehas a positive effect on returns, the smooth long-run componentof volatility is more important for capturing the dynamics ofthe premium. This result is robust to univariate specificationsthat condition on either levels or logs of past realized volatility(RV), as well as to a new bivariate model of returns and RV.     

Volatility risk and the value premium: Evidence from the French stock market

This paper documents that systematic volatility risk is an important factor that drives the value premium observed in the French stock market. Using returns on at-the-money straddles written on the CAC 40 index as a proxy for systematic volatility risk, I document significant differences between volatility factor loadings of value and growth stocks. Furthermore, when markets are classified into expected booms and recessions, volatility factor loadings are also time-varying. When expected market risk premium is above its average, i.e. during expected recessions, value stocks are seen riskier than their growth counterparts. This implies in bad times, investors shift their preferences away from value firms. Instead they use growth stocks as hedges against deteriorations in their wealth during those times. The findings are in line with the predictions of rational asset pricing theory and support a “flight-to-quality” explanation.     

Computing the market price of volatility risk in the energy commodity markets

In this paper, we demonstrate the need for a negative market price of volatility risk to recover the difference between Black–Scholes [Black, F., Scholes, M., 1973. The pricing of options and corporate liabilities. Journal of Political Economy 81, 637–654]/Black [Black, F., 1976. Studies of stock price volatility changes. In: Proceedings of the 1976 Meetings of the Business and Economics Statistics Section, American Statistical Association, pp. 177–181] implied volatility and realized-term volatility. Initially, using quasi-Monte Carlo simulation, we demonstrate numerically that a negative market price of volatility risk is the key risk premium in explaining the disparity between risk-neutral and statistical volatility in both equity and commodity-energy markets. This is robust to multiple specifications that also incorporate jumps. Next, using futures and options data from natural gas, heating oil and crude oil contracts over a 10 year period, we estimate the volatility risk premium and demonstrate that the premium is negative and significant for all three commodities. Additionally, there appear distinct seasonality patterns for natural gas and heating oil, where winter/withdrawal months have higher volatility risk premiums. Computing such a negative market price of volatility risk highlights the importance of volatility risk in understanding priced volatility in these financial markets.     

General equilibrium pricing of options with habit formation and event risks

This paper proposes a general equilibrium model that explains the pricing of the S&P 500 index options. The central ingredients are a peso component in the consumption growth rate and the time-varying risk aversion induced by habit formation which amplifies consumption shocks. The amplifying effect generates the excess volatility and a large jump-risk premium which combine to produce a pronounced volatility smirk for index options. The time-varying volatility and jump-risk premiums explain the observed state-dependent smirk patterns. Besides volatility smirks, the model has a variety of other implications which are broadly consistent with the aggregate stock and option market data.     

Does the equity premium puzzle persist during financial crisis? The case of the French equity market

This paper examines the effects of the financial crisis that began in 2008 on the equity premium of 6 French sector indices. Since the systematic risk coefficient beta remains the most common explanatory element of risk premium in most asset pricing models, we investigate the impact of the crisis on the time-varying beta of the six sector indices cited. We selected daily data from January 2003 to December 2012 and we applied the bivariate MA-GARCH model (BEKK) to estimate time-varying betas for the sector indices. The crisis was marked by increased volatility of the sector indices and the market. This rise in volatility led to an increase in the systematic risk coefficient during the crisis and first post-crisis period for all the major indices. The results are intuitive and corroborate findings in the empirical literature. The increase of the time-varying beta is considered by investors as an additional risk. Therefore, as expected, investors tend to increase their equity premiums to b ear the impact of financial crisis.     

Local risk factors in emerging markets: Are they separately priced?

We provide new evidence on the pricing of local risk factors in emerging stock markets. We investigate whether there is a significant local currency premium together with a domestic market risk premium in equity returns within a partial integration asset pricing model. Given previous evidence on currency risk, we conduct empirical tests in a conditional setting with time-varying prices of risk. Our main results support the hypothesis of a significant exchange risk premium related to the local currency risk. Exchange rate and domestic market risks are priced separately for our sample of seven emerging markets. The empirical evidence also suggests that although statistically significant, local currency risk is on average smaller than domestic market risk but it increases substantially during crises periods, when it can be almost as large as market risk. Disentangling these two factors is thus important in tests of international asset pricing for emerging markets.     

A time-varying common risk factor affecting corporate yield spreads

A time-varying common risk factor affecting corporate yield spreads is modelled by extending a panel data model. The panel data model accommodates a common factor, which is associated with time-varying individual effects. The factor multiplied by a bond-specific unobservable is identified as a systematic risk premium. In disentangling the systematic risk premium, both credit and liquidity risks are evaluated; the credit risk is assessed by bond rating, and the liquidity risk is indirectly measured by discrepancy in quoted yields by brokerage firms. Parameters are estimated by the generalized method of moments procedure. The model is tested on the corporate bond market in Japan. Empirical results show that the time-varying common risk factor is successfully estimated together with credit and liquidity risks.     

A new approach to measuring riskiness in the equity market: Implications for the risk premium

We introduce a new approach to measuring riskiness in the equity market. We propose option implied and physical measures of riskiness and investigate their performance in predicting future market returns. The predictive regressions indicate a positive and significant relation between time-varying riskiness and expected market returns. The significantly positive link between aggregate riskiness and market risk premium remains intact after controlling for the S&P 500 index option implied volatility (VIX), aggregate idiosyncratic volatility, and a large set of macroeconomic variables. We also provide alternative explanations for the positive relation by showing that aggregate riskiness is higher during economic downturns characterized by high aggregate risk aversion and high expected returns.