如何增强我国金融体系的稳定性探讨

金融稳定关科整个经济的健康发展，银行稳定是我国金融稳定的核心；作为我国金融主体的银行背负着不良资产的历史包袱，面临着银行业逐渐全面开放的日益增大的竞争压力，而且还缺乏有效的稳定机制。近年来人们一直在讨论的存款保险制度的确越来越迫切需要建立，但是、本文认为存款保险制皮必须与银行体系市场化改革，金融风险预警系统、金融机构市场退出的法律制度相结合．在一国的内部共同构成一个金融机构特别是银行的风险监督、市场退出和危机处理机制。     

构建我国存款保险制度的现实需要及路径选择

国际金融危机爆发以来,金融安全网承担了维护金融业稳健运行的艰巨任务。国际上金融安全网通常包含三大支柱——中央银行最后贷款人功能、银行审慎监管与存款保险制度。其中前两者已经在我国维护金融稳定的过程中开始发挥重要作用,但存款保险保障尚处于空白。纵观各国政府在国际金融危机中的诸多应对措施,存款保险制度是增强存款人信心、及时处置金融风险的重要制度性安排,对维护金融稳定和防范系统性风险有着重要作用。同时,近年来中小法人金融机构快速兴起并不断壮大,形式种类层出不穷,在地方经济金融发展中逐步占据越来越大的市场地位。与此同时,由于管理和市场等方面存在的诸多因素导致中小金融机构风险问题非常突出。中小金融机构风险规避及市场退出已成为当前一项不可避免的议题,因此,建立我国金融机构存款保险制度是防范风险、应对危机的必由之路。     

“后危机”时代我国建立存款保险制度的思考

存款保险制度是一种金融保障制度,是指由符合条件的各类存款性金融机构集中起来建立一个保险机构,各个存款机构作为投保人按一定存款比例向其缴纳保险费,建立存款保险准备金;当成员机构发生经营危机或面临破产倒闭时,存款保险机构向其提供财务救助或直接向存款人支付部分或全部存款,从而保护存款人利益,维护银行信用,稳定金融秩序。长期以来,我国实行的是隐性存款保险制度,在经营不善的金融机构退出市场的过程中,往往是由中央银行和地方政府承担个人债务清偿的责任,因此,如何建立我国的存款保险制度已成为当前的一项重要的研究课题。     

银行脆弱性与存款保险制度

银行内在的脆弱性是导致银行挤兑并引发银行危机的关键。为防止存款者因个别金融机构倒闭而对其他金融机构丧失信心，保证银行经营的安全和稳定，建立银行存款保险制度，已刻不容缓地摆到了银行经营决策者和监管者的面前。我国建立存款保险制度的必要性主要体现在;高额城乡居民储蓄的安全需要明示的存款保险制度；在华外资银行需要明示的存款保险制度；民营银行需要存款保险制度；完善的银行业监管体系需要存款保险制度。     

我国软预算约束的治理:理论与政策

软预算约束对我国经济的危害甚大,探讨我国预算软约束的治理意义重大.本文认为,应当从下述四个方面来治理我国经济中普遍存在的软预算约束问题:(1)推进国有银企的市场化改革,消除政府干预;(2)建立分散化的银行体系,加强对银行体系的有效监控;(3)实行财政分权,加强地区经济之间的竞争;(4)规范政府经济行为,严格财政金融纪律.     

对我国建立存款保险制度的若干探讨

加入WTO之后，中国的银行业将面临更激烈的竞争和更大的风险，经营不善的银行和金融机构会在激烈的竞争中陷入困境，并引起整个金融体系动荡，因此，建立存款保险，保护存款者，保持银行系统乃至整个金融体系的稳定是我国审慎而明智的选择。本文从银行的特殊性、存款保险的作用及可能引发的问题等角度阐述了我国建立存款保险的必要性，以及怎样设计合理的存款保险制度。     

我国存款保险发展的制度障碍及对策

存款机构的高负债经营,容易使金融机构出现流动性问题甚至发生倒闭风险。为保障存款人的利益和银行的经营安全,许多国家都建立了存款保险制度,以此来增强公众对银行业的信心,维护金融稳定。存款保险制度亦成为我国银行业保护存款人利益的有效选择。但存款保险在发展中面临着一些制度上的障碍。要解决这些问题需要加快存款保险立法,变隐性存款保险为显性存款保险;在金融机构推行强制存款保险;发挥存款保险机构在银行破产中的功能。     

市场约束与银行风险承担的文献回顾

市场约束是指银行的利益相关者出于时自身利益的考虑,会在不同程度上关注银行的经营和风险状况,并根据其掌握的信息采取一定措施影响相关的利率和资产价格,从而通过市场对银行的经营产生约束作用.市场约束是维护银行业稳定的重要机制.巴塞尔协议Ⅱ的新的监管框架中把市场约束与资本监管、政府监督共同作为有效银行监管的“三大支柱”,同时2006年底中国也全面开放了银行业市场,市场对中国商业银行风险承担的约束作用也越采越大.本文系统的回顾了国内外关于市场约束对商业银行风险承担的影响,包括市场约束的存在性、存款保险、政府监管对市场约束作用的影响以及危机时的市场约束,这对我国商业银行市场约束作用的发挥具有很好的借鉴意义.     

对金融机构救助的反垄断法思考

金融危机中很多金融机构面临经营危机或倒闭破产,迫使监管部门对金融机构实施援助,但救助对象多是"太大不能倒"的金融机构.该行为是否与反垄断法的基本理念相冲突,是否会破坏金融市场的公平竞争秩序等问题,值得我们深入研究与探讨.基于在危机时期维护金融稳定的目的,政府及监管机构对特定金融机构救助是存在合理性和必要性的,但救助的同时不能忽视反垄断执法,在金融监管的同时也应强调竞争性监管.对于我国来说,建立存款保险制度是实现金融业充分公平竞争的制度保障.     

现阶段不应建立银行间互助存款保险体系

本从降低信息不对称条件下的道德风险和逆向选择以及减小银行倒闭的外部性的角度出发，比较了两种存款保险方式－－确定的存款保险和珠存款保险的优劣，针对中国金融风险的特殊成因以及当前中国金融体系尚不完善的现实状况，章认为，现阶段中国不应建立确定的存款保险体系。     

我国房地产税制的现状及改革构想

房地产税制是维护房地产市场公平竞争，实现国家对房地产业宏观调控的有力杠杆。然而，我国现行的房地产税制却存在税费不分、税制不统一、税制结构不合理等诸多问题。严重影响了其对房地产业应有的宏观调控作用。因此，适时地推进房地产税制的改革应是当务之急，应统一内外税制，合理界定税费的范围，建立统一、规范、合理的房地产税收体系。     

The Change in Productive Efficiency in Telecommunications in the United States

The question addressed here is whether the adoption of incentive regulation, which has become an important regulatory tool in the telecommunications industry in the USA, has resulted in a change in the technical efficiency of local exchange carriers in the USA. After providing an overview of the nature of incentive regulation, a methodology for measuring technical efficiency and its change is introduced. This is a multiple-output/multiple-input distance function approach to measuring technical efficiency. The results of implementing this approach for 19 local exchange carriers for the 1988-2001 period indicate that in the production of local service, intrastate toll/access service, and interstate access to local loops, there was no change in technical efficiency between the 1988-1990 period and the 1991- 2001 period, something that incentive regulation was specifically designed to promote.     

西部地区人力资本投资与知识化发展

人力资本投资在推动知识化发展的过程中存在自增强机制，通过促进人力资本保值增值，进行人力资源合理配置，改善配置环境和配置政策、完善配套措施，有助于充分发挥这一机制的功能，从而实现西部地区知识化发展。     

Age Discrimination in Employment in Canada

Issues pertaining to age discrimination in employment in Canada are analyzed with a view toward highlighting lessons that may be learned from the Canadian experience—an experience that is taking on increased policy importance. Reasons for the increased attention to age discrimination issues are outlined, followed by a portrayal of the age discrimination legislation and court interpretations in Canada, especially as they pertain to mandatory retirement. Enforcement aspects are discussed, as is the evidence on age discrimination in employment and the effectiveness of legislation with respect to age discrimination and mandatory retirement. The article concludes with a discussion of the lessons to be learned from the Canadian experience, especially with respect to the poorly understood but complicated relationship between age discrimination and mandatory retirement. Policy recommendations for strengthening age discrimination legislation are also outlined. (JEL J14 , J24 , J71 )     

Inequalities in Income Distribution in Slovenia

This article presents an empirical analysis of income distribution based on income tax data for Slovenia in 1991-2000. It presents evidence of rising inequalities in income distribution (gross income, gross wages and pensions). These results are supported by coefficients of variation, Gini coefficients and by the Lorenz curves. Inequalities increased rapidly in the 1991 to 1993 period. After a significant decrease in 1994 and a steady increase from 1995 to 2000, the peak value from 1993 was not surpassed. Atkinson's requirements for dominance comparisons are not violated. Inequalities are also present in the distribution of the benefits of economic growth among income groups.     

上海生态农业发展影响因素研究

文章分析了上海生态农业发展的影响因素,并利用计量模型进行检验,认为影响上海生态农业发展的主要因素有农业基础设施、农业劳动力资源、农业产业化水平、农业科技实力状况。     

Public participation in forestry in Turkey

Recently public participation in forestry has been seriously considered in Turkey. Participation is however quite a challenge for a country with a long tradition of top-down management and a strong bottom-up dependence on public provisioning. In such a setting, it may not be surprising that the experiences with public participation in forestry in Turkey are mixed. There are some positive initiatives like the creation of farmer's cooperatives and NGOs, but their role is quite limited and small of scale. This paper is bringing together different views based on existing studies in Turkish related to Turkey's experience with implementing public participation in forestry.     

Inter-enterprise arrears in economies in transition

In the context of economies in transition, the paper argues that an excessive liquidity squeeze could throw the economy into a persistent state of low economic activity. In such bad equilibrium, enterprise transactions become largely demonetized, with a chain of arrears, a form of involuntary credit, spreading over the entire system. The empirical analysis of the Romanian experience seems to support the view advanced in the paper.