Distributional Implications of Tax Relief on Voluntary Private Pensions in Spain*

Using taxation statistics, this paper explores the distributional implications of tax relief on private pensions in Spain in 2002. For this purpose, the author suggests a decomposition of the Kakwani index and its generalisations that allows us to distinguish between the regressivity caused by targeting and that due to benefits allocation among recipients. This paper finds that these tax incentives are regressive ‐ mainly for the latter reason ‐ and have negative although small distributional effects. Finally, this work presents several proposals for reform of the current system and simulates their implications for equity.     

对个人独资与合伙企业所得税制的几点思考

我国现行的个人独资企业和合伙企业所提税政策，存在着诸如对劳动所得、资本所得、隐蔽性福利的税务处理，企业所有权转换中的税务处理、对投资者的激励与风险补偿的税收政策等一些需要解决的问题，需针对这些问题提出有效措施以促使其早日得到解决。     

民办教育税收问题探讨

民办教育的税收待遇应综合考虑其公益性、营利性、非营利性而定。我国民办教育存在的税收问题有:民办教育与公办教育税收待遇差别较大、民办教育税收政策营利性与非营利性不分等。应从完善教育法制、对税收政策进行营利性与非营利性区分、加强教育税收管理等方面进行完善。     

企业年金税收优惠政策的成本:一个文献综述

企业年金规模和税收优惠政策的关系很复杂,若无相应约束机制,提高优惠力度只会增加成本,企业年金得不到良性发展,税收优惠政策只能低效率运行,并产生相应成本。限制高收入职工的避税行为、明确参保职工的税收优惠政策以及加强职工退休年龄的监管,有利于降低税收优惠政策的成本,进而提高目前我国企业年金税收优惠政策的效率。     

通货膨胀预期对居民基本养老保险的影响测算

我国基本养老保险的个人账户部分根据政策规定,每年参考银行同期存款利率计息。但由于我国的存款利率长期以来低于通货膨胀率水平,再考虑到养老金负债的长期性,这使得我国养老基金面临较大的通胀风险。本文建立了个人账户通胀风险的精算模型,并对记账利率和通货膨胀率进行估计来分析个人账户的通胀风险。本文的结论是,在当前制度下,我国养老保险个人账户部分存在较大的通胀风险,但随着通胀率的上升,通胀风险的增度会下降。     

Measuring the Comparability of Company Accounts Conditionally: A Research Note

Comparability indices summarize the level of comparability between companies at a national and international level, an issue of importance to investors, regulators, and standard setters. Comparability indices can identify areas where comparability is low and where comparability is deteriorating. Furthermore, they can be used to quantify the extent to which initiatives such as International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are successful in raising comparability between company accounts. Despite past literature emphasizing how factors other than country influence accounting methods used by companies, current comparability indices ignore these other factors. This paper introduces new national and international indices within the T index framework to fill this gap in the literature. Formula for the new national and international indices, and their standard errors, are provided. An example using European data is used to demonstrate the calculations and illustrate the importance of controlling for these firm specific factors.     

个人所得税的税收筹划

个人所得税税收筹划应遵循整体性、合法性、时效性原则，恰当选择个人工资薪金及个人劳务报酬的发放时间和发放方法；对个体工商户的生产经营所得，则应从降低计税依据入手，使其适用的税率档次下降，以达到降低税负的目的。     

浅谈涉外个人所得税制现状存在的问题及完善措施

针对我国涉外个人所得税制结构缺乏整体性,法律刚性不足;部分语言表述不够规范,漏洞较多;部分税收优惠及政策规定不尽合理等问题,建议本着“简化税制、提高效力、减少漏洞、规落征管”的原则,通过点面结合的方式,使用规范、严密的专业语言,对现行税制进行必要的修改和补充。     

个人所得税免税额是否应该调整及其相关问题分析

随着由政府包揽的福利制度的改革和基本生活必须品价格的上涨，国民基本生活资源的费用有了较大增加，因此个人所得税免税额应向上调整。免税额的调整与国民基本生活资源费用的变动有直接对应关系，与个人所得税总额变动存在不确定关系，它有上调不一定会使个人所得税总额下降。     

Improving the Equity-Efficiency Trade-Off: Mandatory Savings Accounts for Social Insurance

In the modern welfare state a substantial part of an individual's tax bill is transferred back to the same individual taxpayer in the form of social transfers. This provides a rationale for financing part of social insurance through mandatory savings accounts. We analyze the behavioral and welfare effects of compulsory savings accounts in an intertemporal model with uncertainty, involuntary unemployment, endogenous retirement decisions, credit constraints, and heterogeneous agents. We show that the introduction of (early) retirement and unemployment accounts generates a Pareto improvement by enabling the government to provide lifetime income insurance and liquidity insurance in a more efficient manner.     

改进我国个人工资薪金所得税的思考

个人工资薪金所得税是我国个人所得税的主体。我国现行个人工资薪金所得税的税制设计,在一定程度上制约着其功能的发挥。建议在完善我国个人工资薪金所得税功能定位的基础上,结合我国城乡居民的实际收入状况,对个人工资薪金所得税做进一步改进。     

Reformulating Tax Shield Valuation: A Note

Standard financial theory (in the absence of agency costs and personal taxes) implies that each dollar of debt contributes to the value of the firm in proportion to the firm's tax rate. To derive this result, incremental debt is assumed permanent. This paper shows that when the firm acts to maintain a constant market value leverage ratio, the marginal value of debt financing is much lower than the corporate tax rate. Since Hamada's 2 unlevering procedure for observed equity betas was derived under the assumption of permanent debt, we derive an unlevering procedure consistent with the assumption of a constant leverage ratio.     

A Note on the Composition of Public Expenditure under Capital Tax Competition

Keen and Marchand ( Journalof Public Economics, 1997, 66, 33–53) argue that undercapital tax competition, the composition of public expenditureis inefficient in that too much is spent on public inputs benefitinglocal business and too little on public goods benefiting residents.Their result depends on labor immobility. This note shows thatthe Keen-Marchand argument may not hold if both labor and capitalare mobile. An interesting case is identified where capital taxationdoes not distort the mix of public goods and public inputs, eventhough the overall level of public expenditure is inefficientlylow.     

Compulsory Savings: Efficiency and Redistribution On the Interaction of Means Tested Basic Income and Public Pensions

In the presence of means tested basic income for old age, households will tend to reduce precautionary savings to an inefficiently low level. We explore how this might serve as a justification for a compulsory public pension system. In a representative agent framework with two income types, compulsory savings are found to be Pareto-improving up to a point. Beyond that point, increases in contribution rates simply result in increasingly regressive (implicit) taxation. Similar results are found for pay-as-you-go pensions. On the basis of our model we argue that the introduction of a funded pension component may help the German pension system to cope with demographic change more efficiently.     

浅析我国税收制度对国民储蓄倾向的影响

税收与国民储蓄间的关系表现在税收对储蓄的动员性上。所得税和财产税抑制储蓄,商品税则有可能相对提高国民储蓄倾向。当前,我国受税制安排的特殊性、收入分配的非公平性及特殊国情的影响,税收制度与国民储蓄间的关系具有某种特性。这种特性表明,在我国税制改革中税制的设计既要保证国民储蓄的合理增长,又要兼顾公平,从而使我国国民经济在适度储蓄规模的基础上得以健康协调发展。     

国外利用财税政策支持节能的措施及借鉴

美国、日本、澳大利亚等国出台了各种支持节能的财税政策措施,以提高能源利用效率,保障本国能源安全。它们的做法值得我国借鉴,在制定和完善我国支持节能的财税政策、建立起支持节能的长效机制时,应注意理顺与明确支持节能的财税政策目标,建立和完善与能源相关的税收体系、能效标准和认证体系,充分利用政府采购政策来支持节能工作的开展,建立相应的节能基金,完善相关配套政策措施与机构。