Import and Retail Demand for Orange Juice in Canada

A six-equation structural model of the retail and import level demand for orange juice in Canada is estimated. Relative prices of Brazilian and U.S. imports are found to he important determinants of the quantity imported to Canada, and the Canadian market share for the U. S. and Brazil. Retail demand for orange juice in Canada is estimated to he price inelastic. The import level demand for U. S. product is estimated to he price inelastic while the import level demand for Brazilian product is estimated to he highly elastic. The final form of the model is used to simulate competitive price situations in the Canadian market.
On a fail un modèle eslimatif en six équations de la demande d'imponation el de vente au détail pour le jus d'orange au Canada. On a trouvé que les prix relatifs des importations brésiliennes et américaines jouent un rôle déterminant dans la quantilé d'importations sur le marché canadien et dans les titres floltants canadiens pour les Etats Unis et le Brésil. On estime que la demande, au niveau des détaillanls, pour le jus d'orange au Canada représente un prix fixe. On estime que la demande d'importations en produils brésiliens est des plus élastiques. On emploie la forme finale du modèle pour simuler les prix concurrents sur le marché canadien.     

An Econometric Import Demand and Market Analysis:

No abstract available for this article.     

中国大豆进口需求分析

本文利用差异化的进口需求模型对中国大豆进口需求进行了研究。研究结果表明,中国对从主要大豆进口国进口来源的大豆数量都是有弹性的,且对美国、巴西、阿根廷等国大豆出口价格的变化很敏感;而且,在其他条件不变的情况下,当中国的大豆需求增加以后,美国大豆出口的增加幅度最大,受益最大的可能是美国;其后是阿根廷,巴西。中国自产大豆在国内消费数量中增加幅度最小,这对中国国内大豆生产者来说是一个警示信号,即中国加工企业对国产大豆的偏好弱,国内大豆需求增长主要通过进口来满足。     

日本生鲜蔬菜进口市场及其需求弹性分析

本文运用LA/AIDS模型,估算日本生鲜蔬菜进口市场的需求弹性,探讨中国生鲜蔬菜在日本市场上的贸易地位和竞争策略。结果表明,在日本蔬菜进口市场上,中国生鲜蔬菜对日本进口总支出缺乏弹性,自价格弹性由缺乏弹性逐渐变为富有弹性,与韩国和美国蔬菜呈互补关系,与墨西哥、新西兰及其他国家和地区蔬菜呈替代关系,各地区出口量对中国出口价格变化的反应比中国生鲜蔬菜出口量对相对价格变化的反应更敏感。中国大幅度降价确实推动了出口量的增加,但并不是今后发展的最优策略,质量与安全水平的提升是维持或提高市场份额的根本途径。     

Household Food Demand Analysis in India

Price and expenditure elasticities and estimates of the effect of household demographic variables on Indian food items are estimated using a recent household survey data in rural and urban areas. Using a linear approximate almost ideal demand system (LA/AIDS), the results indicate that for commodity groups (milk and milk products; cereals and pulses; edible oils; meat, fish, and eggs; vegetables and fruits; other foods) demand is elastic only for milk and milk products in both rural and urban areas of India. The impact of demographic variables such as region, household size, education level of household head, and seasonality, was generally significant.     

Variations in Farm Performance in Transitional Economies: Evidence from the Czech Republic1

This paper revisits the literature on farm restructuring in the CEECs by analysing the variations in farm performance in the Czech Republic a decade after the start of the transition process. It identifies seven clusters of farms that differ in their productivity and profitability usng data from 1998 and 1999. The analysis reveals that the vast majority of farms are unprofitable, and there is no strong evidence that individual farms perform better than corporate farms. In fact, there are large numbers of individual farms that are loss‐making on their agricultural activity with low factor productivity. Producer co‐operatives and limited liability companies suffer from debts inherited from the reform process. Future restructuring is likely to occur in all clusters rather than affecting just corporate farms.     

Promotion and Fast Food Demand

Many believe that fast food promotion is a significant cause of the obesity epidemic in North America. Industry members argue that promotion only reallocates brand shares and does not increase overall demand. We study the effect of fast food promotion on market share and total demand by estimating a discrete / continuous model of fast food restaurant choice and food expenditure that explicitly accounts for both spatial and temporal determinants of demand. Estimates are obtained using a unique panel of Canadian fast food consumers. The results show that promotion primarily increases demand and has a smaller effect on restaurant market shares.     

Household Food Demand in Burkina Faso: Implications for Food Policy

Chronic food production deficits since the early 1970s have prompted policymakers of Burkina Faso to emphasize technological research with the goal of increasing the production of the most-consumed locally-grown cereals: sorghum, millet and maize. Meanwhile, urban consumers have been developing preferences for rice and wheat, cereals that are primarily imported. This study estimates demand relationships among food items in Ouagadougou, Burkina. The results of the estimation suggest that prices, income, household composition, education, marital status and urbanization were jointly important in explaining household expenditure allocations. Both local and imported cereal consumption responded positively to an income increase. However, incremental income changes would lead to relatively greater consumption of locally produced cereals by low-income households whereas high-income households would consume relatively more wheat and rice. The household model is then used to demonstrate its relevance in addressing food policy issues, by forecasting the levels of urban grain demand under alternative income and demographic scenarios. With increased production due to advances in technology, the urban demand levels do not exhaust the rural surplus of local cereals, but deficits persist in the rice-wheat sector. The results underscore the importance of technological research since Burkina could become self-sufficient in at least the production of sorghum, millet and maize.     

Analysis of EU support for managed succession of agricultural land in the Czech Republic

The article presents a comparison of EAFRD support for afforestation of agricultural land (managed succession) in the years of 2007–2013 and model costs required to compensate for both operational inputs and agricultural income forgone when establishing woodland on agricultural land in the Czech Republic.The aim was to investigate whether the blanket support rates for the afforestation of agricultural land are sufficient to cover the associated costs in a wide range of site conditions. Costs were calculated for 43 groups based on forest typology. The calculation was based on the comparison of present costs and present revenues (here: European fund support) with the discount rate of 3% and a 15-year evaluation period. The analysis demonstrated that input costs vary considerably in the different forest typologies; 44% of groups show higher present costs than the support rates currently available. In the most expensive group costs are 150% higher than even an increased support rate in less favoured areas available to agricultural entrepreneurs, and almost 200% in comparison with the basic support rate. In several cases – and always in case of pine management – the support payments are notably higher than the related input costs, and because of that the land owner might be strongly motivated to change the land use from agriculture to forestry.The article points out the sensitivity of the results to the discount rate used and to the importance of the CZK/Euro exchange rate fluctuation.The analysis’ results lead us to strongly encourage a more substantial differentiation of the support rates for afforestation of agricultural, and other, land. This differentiation should be based on realistic input costs according to forest typology – the methodology of which might be relevant in several other EU countries.     

A Relationship Between Price and Quality Rating of Wines From the Czech Republic

This report focuses on the relationship between the prices of wines and quality measured on a 100-point quality scale. Only wines from the Czech Republic evaluated during the first round of the Prague Wine Trophy 2015 competition were included in this study. In total, 114 wine samples from five wine categories were examined. Two types of statistical methods were used to obtain results. Chi-square test of independence in contingency table did not show any statistically significant relationship between the commonly used price categories and the quality of wines expressed as medal awards obtained in the competition. Correlation coefficient was used to examine the relationship between price and quality within individual categories of wines. Medium correlation was found in the categories of white cuvée and sparkling wines, and moderate correlation was observed in the Blaufränkisch category. For the category with the highest value of correlation coefficient, regressive function was formed.     

Relationships between Technical Efficiency and Financial Management for Czech Republic Farms

This paper provides the first analysis of the relationship between farm financial structure and technical efficiency in Central and Eastern European farming during the transition to a market economy. First, technical efficiency scores for a sample of Czech farms are computed with data envelopment analysis, accounting for sampling variability by using the Simar and Wilson bootstrapping procedure. The confidence intervals show that corporate livestock farms are the most homogenous in terms of technical efficiency. Second, a Tobit model is applied for the investigation of factors, including financial considerations, which influence the variation in technical efficiency. The potential endogeneity of the financial variables in the explanation of efficiency is examined, following Smith and Blundell. The Amemiya estimator is used for those cases which are revealed as endogenous. The analysis indicates substantial differences in the way in which the different management structures are treated by lenders. De novo, individual farms are subject to stringent evaluation of their loan applications, which is not the case for the successors of the former collective and state farms.     

The Demand for Food Quality in Rural China

Many studies of food demand do not use actual prices but unit values, obtained by dividing expenditures by the quantity consumed. This can bias empirical analyses because unit values are not exogenous market prices; they reflect household food quality choices within each food category. This article develops a framework for assessing the resulting bias in income and price elasticities of demand and applies the framework to data for rural China. Empirical results indicate that households in rural China tend to consume higher-quality food as income increases, with a greater sensitivity to income for basic foods than for luxury foods.     

U.S. Citrus Import Demand: Seasonality and Substitution

Citrus fruits make up 1/5 of all fresh fruit consumed in the United States. Given the increasing importance of imported citrus in the diet of American consumers, it is perhaps surprising that no import demand analysis of U.S. citrus has been conducted. Using quarterly U.S. import data for 6 citrus commodities, we employed a demand systems model and evaluated aspects of seasonality. The results suggest wide variations in price responses to different types of imported citrus. The average amplitude and phase shift suggest that all citrus fruits exhibit some seasonality in their imports, likely a result of peak harvesting schedules of exporters.     

Estimating the Effect of Ethnicity on the Demand for Food

A straightforward regression equation approach is used to investigate why different consumers buy varying quantities of the same item in outlets of the same retail food chain. Eighteen items were studied. Demand for thirteen seems to be significantly related to ethnicity, demand for five is positively related to income. As the study employs census data, the technique can easily be used by marketing managers to obtain useful market information.     

Applying evaluation criteria for the land consolidation effect to three contrasting study areas in the Czech Republic

Land consolidation (LC) is a tool for improving the effectiveness of land cultivation and for supporting rural development. In the Czech Republic it is, in addition, used to remedy the damages and wrongs caused by 40 years of suppression of land ownership. This paper investigates the specific conditions and various outcomes of LC in three study areas, focusing on the evaluation criteria of land ownership and plot arrangement before and after LC. The three study areas contain contrasting observed features, and they therefore provide a good illustration of a whole range of factors that can affect the rate of LC. The author designed LC projects in each of the study areas between 1994 and 2003, and defined two sets of criteria for ex ante and ex post evaluation based on size, shape and juxtaposition of the plots, on the natural and social conditions, and on the economic benefits and advantages of LC for the landowners. The relationship between the ex ante criteria and the three LC indicators was analyzed using a multiple regression approach. The results show that the initial conditions had a strong effect on the outcomes of the LC programmes. Defining the criteria and the models for the Czech Republic will help to improve the methodological principles underlying LC projects, and it will also support the decision-making processes of the LC authorities in order to optimize the allocation of limited funds.     

Import Demand for Malt in Selected Countries: A Linear Approximation of AIDS

Canada has emerged to be one of the major world exporters of malt. However, the European Union (EU) dominates the world malt trade due in part to quality advantages andor export restitutions. A Linear Approximation of the Almost Ideal Demand System (MAIDS) was estimated for four major malt importing countries: Japan, Brazil, Philippines and Venezueta. Elasticities of substitution for malt among different sources were computed. Results show that malt imported from the EU is least substi-tutable with malt from other sources, and demand for EU malt is less responsive to changes in price. Expenditure elasticities suggest a preference for malt imports from the EU compared to malt from other sources. For these reasons, the study concludes that price-based export expansion measures for non-EU malt may not be very effective .
Le Canada est sorti comme un exportateur majeur du malt au monde. Mais, la communauté Européen (EU) domine le commerce mondiale due aux avantages des qualités et des restrictions d'exporte. Une approximation linéaire de systéme de demande presque idéale «LA/AIDS>> a été estimée pour quatre pays importateurs du malt: le Japon, le Brésil, la Philippines et la Venezuela. Les élasticités du malt de différent sources ont étaient calculé. Les résultats démontrent que le malt importé d'EU est le moins remplaçable avec le malt d'autre sources, et la demande du malt venant d'EU est le moins élastique par rapport au changement du prix. L'élasticité du dépense suggère une préférence pour le malt importé d'EU par rapport à d'autres sources. Pour ces raisons, l'étude a conch qu'une expansion et l'expor-tation du malt en utilisant le prix ne sera pas effectif en dehors du malt d'EU .     

Public preferences for post 2020 agri-environmental policy in the Czech Republic: A choice experiment approach

In November 2017 European Union commission presented a communication report summarizing the reform proposal of the post 2020 Common Agriculture Policy (CAP). The reform aims to address the environmental degradation associated with agricultural production as well as change in the structure of CAP payments. To this end, the Ministry of Agriculture in Czech Republic is preparing to set its priorities towards CAP’s reform. In this study we applied a choice experiment to investigate the public preferences for a set of environmental goods and services delivered by agri-environment-climatic voluntary measures (AECMs). A mixed logit model is employed to elicit preferences and explore their heterogeneity. We find that respondents oppose strongly funding removal. Among environmental attributes, water and food quality are the ones with the highest implicit marginal willingness-to-pay values. Preferences for no funding option are heterogeneous with socio-demographic and attitudinal variables explaining some sources of this heterogeneity. A continuation of national funding for the AECMs is expected to lead to a better state of environment with an anticipated positive welfare change of 669–932 mil EUR as opposed to funding removal. The change reflects the estimated welfare change resulting from moving from a low to a medium or to a high preservation state of agri-environmental attributes. We also project the budget change for AECMs considering the level of national funding and given the transfer share between Pillar I and II. Based on our results, we suggest that national funding can be informed by the welfare change scenarios and transfer shares are projected accordingly.