Assessment of the theory of comprehensive national accounting with data for Portugal

We present time-series tests of the quality of genuine savings and green net national income for predicting welfare changes. These tests check the validity of the theory of comprehensive national accounting, and more broadly of the theory of economic growth. The value of technological progress is included, as well as the effects of business cycles. We use estimates for Portugal as inputs. Overall, our results indicate that both genuine savings and changes in green net national income have the same sign as changes in welfare, but reject the hypothesis that the estimated comprehensive national accounting measures coincide with the theoretical expressions. The results also suggest that comprehensive accounting indicators perform better than conventional national accounting indicators, implying that, in general, the corrections proposed by the comprehensive accounting theory add explanatory power to conventional measures. The exception is the inclusion of education expenditures and technological progress, which decrease explanatory power. Excluding business cycles from green net national income increases the agreement with the theory. Comparing both indicators, in general, genuine savings presents better results.     

西方新制度经济学企业理论的演进及其存在的缺陷

针对新古典经济学中的企业假设,科斯运用交易费用的分析方法对企业的性质作了开创性的分析,界定了企业和市场的关系,这标志着现代企业理论的产生。循着科斯的分析思路,现代企业理论沿着企业和市场的关系、纵向一体化、不完全契约与团队理论、代理理论、治理理论两个理论分支不断发展和深化。现代企业的产生及演进虽丰富了微观经济学的内容,但该理论在分析方法、分析内容等方面仍存在有某些缺陷。     

实物期权在R＆D投资决策中的应用研究

对实物期权理论发展进行简单回顾后,针对实物期权方法在R＆D投资决策中的应用研究,结合国内外研究成果,综述了R＆D投资决策的实物期权一般理论、实物期权模型和实物期权扩展研究。得出目前中国在该领域无论是理论还是应用上都与国外存在较大差距,开展实物期权研究是非常必要的结论。     

市场化能带来经济增长吗?——来自中国跨省数据的经验证据

影响广泛的市场化理论宣称市场化水平的提高能带来经济增长,文章利用中国1997-2007年的跨省数据,以"苛刻"的眼光对其进行重新评估。结果发现,目前支持该理论的证据仅是两者之间的一种正相关关系,存在因果关系的假说并不成立。而这种正相关关系的出现是由于遗漏了变量,通过固定效应模型消除因遗漏变量产生的偏误后,这种正相关关系也消失了。通过不同计量技术和不同样本的重复估计,这一结果是非常稳健的。     

Cognitive Dissonance as an Explanation of Goodwill Write-Offs

While agency theory has been an important part of accounting academic research, many researchers have suggested that other theories should also be considered. One such theory is the theory of cognitive dissonance. In this study, the authors develop competing hypotheses based on agency theory and the theory of cognitive dissonance regarding the decision to record an impairment of goodwill. Using an archival research methodology, they test the hypotheses on a sample of 2,274 firm-year observations. The results are consistent with the theory of cognitive dissonance even after controlling for variables that have been found to be significant under agency theory. The authors conclude that there is strong evidence to suggest that agency theory does not uniquely explain the results of management decisions as seen through financial reporting data.     

日本企业的投资和融资关系的实证研究

本文以kalecki的投资理论为依据,运用panel分析方法检验了日本企业的投资和资金筹集的关系.基本结论是:在大企业内部融资对投资的影响最大,而在中小企业长期借款对投资的影响最大.企业债券与投资之间存在一定的相关关系.实证结果与Kalecki的投资理论和融资顺序理论均相符合.     

凯恩斯经济学方法的科学哲学评价

主流经济学在凯恩斯经济学形成之后,一直存在着争论,如何理解凯恩斯经济学理论的真谛,是当前研究现代经济学一个值得关注的问题,而在理解凯恩斯经济学理论中有关他的研究方法的哲学思想内涵是方法论的根本,也是构成其经济学理论的重要组成部分。本文以凯恩斯的《通论》为基础,分析凯恩斯经济学方法的哲学基础,并在方法论意义上进行了评价。分析结果表明,对于凯恩斯经济学的理解应当以全面发展的眼光看待,宏观经济学只是其理论起源的一个方面,追求经济思维的合理性和适应人类经济活动的需要是凯恩斯经济学方法论的根本。     

Comment

How well does competitive theory explain the outcome in experimental markets. The authors examined the results of a large number of classroom trading experiments that used a pit-trading design found in Experiments with Economic Principles, an introductory economics textbook by Bergstrom and Miller. They compared experimental outcomes with predictions of competitive-equilibrium theory and with those of a simple profit-splitting theory. Neither theory was entirely successful in explaining the data, although in the first rounds of trading there was significant profit splitting and, as traders became more experienced, outcomes were closer to those predicted by competitive theory.     

基于粗糙集的产业集群竞争力评价研究——以绍兴纺织产业集群为例

为了弥补产业集群传统评价的不足,改进评价结果精度,笔者以绍兴纺织产业集群为例,构建了基于粗糙集的产业集群竞争力评价模型,并利用Bootstrap方法进行仿真处理.结果表明,基于粗糙集的产业集群竞争力评价方法为评价演算过程的客观性提供了良好的保证,Bootstrap方法的仿真结果比小样本下的评价精度有明显的改进,更符合绍兴纺织产业集群的实际发晨情况.     

Antonelli's analytical techniques: their exploitation to derive results in duality theory

Antonelli, over a hundred years ago, pioneered techniques of economic analysis which still can be usefully employed to provide apparently new insights in duality theory. This assertion is demonstrated through the applications of these techniques to derive specific results in duality theory. These applications allow an apparently new derivation of the equality between the partial derivative of the expenditure function, with respect to the price of some good, and the compensated level of demand for this good. In addition, use of Antonelli's analytical techniques reveals links between certain results in duality theory that, apparently, have not been noticed before in the relevant literature.     

我国中小企业企业家能力与企业绩效关系研究

企业家能力对企业的绩效有重要影响.建立了一个中小企业企业家能力与企业绩效之间的综合模型,系统研究了中小企业企业家能力和企业绩效之间的关系,对基于能力和基于资源的理论进行了完善和发展.研究结果显示,不同的企业家的能力会对企业绩效产生不同的作用.因此,对于中国中小企业来说,充分利用企业家能力,可以增强企业的竞争力,从而提高企业绩效.     

Modern Money Theory and Distributive Justice

Modern money theory is a conjecture concerning fiscal spending and the nature of money. I show that modern money theory provides two interesting insights into distributive justice that have not been addressed in the recent Anglo-American distributive justice literature: (i) that the nature of a sovereign fiat currency allows for some distributive conflicts to be avoided; and (ii) that recent Anglo-American distributive justice theories assume that the economy is at capacity. Based on this, I consider whether the policy results of modern money theory can help foster a sense of justice.     

Empirical Study of Scapegoat Theory Paradigm in the Exchange Rate Variable in the ASEAN 5

This paper attempts to explain empirically the effect of order flow as an unobserved variable on the exchange rate movements based on the theory of scapegoat. The theory of scapegoat appears as the answer to the imbalance in the relationship between macroeconomic fundamentals and the exchange rate. To analyze the validity of this theory in Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand (ASEAN 5), we apply the two-stage least squares method. The empirical testing generates a fact that the paradigm of scapegoat theory works for four countries, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand. Another finding is that the theory of scapegoat does not work for the Philippines. The implication of policy based on the results is the emphasis of policy that enables intervention in the foreign exchange market, the enhancement of monetary policy transparency in each country, as well as the management of capital flows more efficiently.     

李嘉图等价定理及其在中国的适用性分析

李嘉图等价定理认为,政府的财政收入形式的选择,不会引起人们经济行为的调整。但是,现代经济学家们并非完全同意李嘉图的见解,无论是对其必要条件的检验还是对其结论的检验都存在着争论。而通过实证分析我国1989—2004年的政府发债分别与消费和投资的关系,可以得出结论：从历史数据来看,李嘉图等价定理在我国并不适用。     

Mean reverting financial leverage: theory and evidence from Pakistan

Grounding concepts of the two competing theories of capital structure (trade-off theory, pecking order theory) are quite opposite to each other. Trade-off theory claims that there is an optimal (target) capital structure and firms try to achieve that optimal (target) point. Whereas pecking order theory argues that there is no optimal (target) capital structure but the firms follow a specific pattern of financing. Using the two competing theoretic frameworks, this study applies Fisher-type panel unit root test to an unbalanced panel data of 13 115 firm-year observations of nonfinancial firms listed on Karachi Stock Exchange Pakistan spread over 38 years (1973–2010). Overall panel test results, for short-term, long-term, as well as total leverage support trade-off financing behaviour while individual firm results do not. Individual firm results show that only 16% of the firms have short-term target, 25% of the firms have long-term target and 12% of the firms have total target leverage ratio. Further, industry results explain that most of the industries do have target leverage ratios and classification of data into profitable and lossmaking firm-year observations explains that profitable firms clearly follow trade-off financing behaviour while the results for lossmaking firms do not support trade-off financing behaviour. Our study indicates that it is important for the government to ensure policies to develop well-balanced financial markets and to improve accountability systems.     

收入分配一元论

在我国收入分配理论中出现的收入分配多元论是所有制决定分配的集中表现,但这种理论既不能解释真实世界里的收入分配现象又不能解决实际中的收入分配问题。分配理论上的重大缺陷导致了分配上的混乱。因此,必须建立与社会主义市场经济相适应的统一的分配制度即收入分配一元论。     

董事会的独立性是否影响公司绩效?

在董事会和公司绩效的研究框架内,代理理论和乘员理论就独立董事比例的绩效后果产生了分歧,前者认为独立董事通过降低代理成本促进绩效,后者则认为董事会效率会因独立董事比例的提高而下降。利用中国资本市场的数据,本文系统地检验了董事会独立性和公司绩效的关系,为这一争议提供了证据。研究发现,独立董事比例和公司绩效显著正相关,这种相关性在控制内生性问题后仍然成立,并且发现当大股东缺乏制衡时,独立董事比例对公司绩效的促进作用会显著降低,这一结果表明代理理论对中国资本市场的公司治理更具解释力。我们还进一步就独立董事的背景和公司绩效的关系进行了检验,研究发现独立董事的声誉能够显著地促进公司绩效,而其行业专长、政治关系以及经济管理背景与公司绩效并无相关性。     

Location and the comparative statics of the theory of production

This paper applies modern methods of doing comparative static analysis to the theory of the firm when location as well as input levels are the firm's choice variables. Many results are obtained including all previously known results. Moreover, it is shown that traditional results in the theory of the firm such as downward sloping derived demand curves, generalize to the location problem. New results, such as an increase in a transportation rate decreasing transportation in terms of ton-miles of an input, are also obtained. Many new symmetry conditions are also found.     

Poverty Naturalized: Implications for Gender

The article illustrates how philosophical assumptions affect the theory, practice, and results of poverty analysis, to the potential detriment of women and girls. It links the income/consumption approach to poverty with naturalist normative theory, which developed historically from the moral theory of David Hume. It then traces the historical development of naturalist normative theory from Hume to modern utility theory and examines its links with the British empiricist tradition. Finally, it reviews some of the practical consequences for gender and argues that the philosophical baggage of the income/consumption poverty approach may ignore important issues for women and girls, thereby creating significant gender "gaps" in the analysis of deprivation.     

一个优序融资理论的解析模型

企业资本结构安排决定了资本市场的形成与发展,资本市场的现实状况又制约着企业资本结构的优化决策。本文从逆向选择角度,利用图解及数学模型分析解释了企业优序融资理论。基于假定(两类)企业对于其项目利润控制能力(能否使Rs>Rf)是不同的,通过对"共同均衡"和"个体均衡"的分析,认为企业优序融资行为的原因在于"逆向选择",而非"道德风险"。