Transaction costs and the use of cash and credit

Summary An overlapping generations model with spatial separation and transaction costs is developed that displays steady state equilibria in which both cash (fiat currency) and trade credit are used in exchange. Equilibria in which trade credit is used are not Pareto optimal. The question of the optimal quantity of money is addressed. Deflation is found to be optimal, contrary to the result for standard overlapping generations environments.This paper is based upon my dissertation, written for the University of Minnesota. I am grateful to Kathryn Combs, Michael Dotsey, Bruce Horning, Anne Villamil and seminar participants at numerous institutions for helpful comments. Most of all, I want to thank my advisor, Neil Wallace, for the attention he gave to my work. The views expressed in this paper are solely those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond or the Federal Reserve System.     

Transaction costs and foreign direct investment in developing countries

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has been used by a number of developing countries to build a national competitive advantage in a global economy. Most of the literature on FDI in developing countries has focused on low-cost factors in these countries. But in a global economy where low cost factors are available at various locations around the globe, transaction costs related to the assumptions of "bounded rationality" and "opportunism" are becoming increasingly important in FDI decisions. These assumptions have been applied by researchers over the years to explain major changes in the organizational structure of corporations. This paper incorporates the assumptions of bounded rationality and opportunism to discuss factors that a firm considers in its decision to undertake FDI. A statistical analysis was carried out to test the validity of the arguments presented in the paper.     

交易成本：软件盗版的一个经济学注释

盗版软件影响软件市场的发展,长期以来却屡禁不绝。从产权经济学上分析,软件是具有公共性的商品。矫正软件公共性所导致的交易成本过高,被认为是盗版问题的主要经济学根源,造成了在打击盗版方面执法效果不佳。只有关注交易成本的影响,才能更加合理有效的对软件产权进行保护。     

从交易费用角度谈物流联盟

现代物流是社会生产发展到一定阶段的产物,它的产生和发展需要有特定的环境和条件。企业改进自身物流系统的途径之一就是建立物流联盟。文章运用了交易费用理论探讨了物流联盟的形成,以便寻求现代物流发展的一般规律,适应现代物流发展的现实需要。     

Transaction costs and the property rights approach to the theory of the firm

The standard property rights approach is focused on ex ante investment incentives, while there are no transaction costs that might restrain ex post negotiations. We explore the implications of such transaction costs. Prominent conclusions of the property rights theory may be overturned: A party may have stronger investment incentives when a non-investing party is the owner, and joint ownership can be the uniquely optimal ownership structure. Intuitively, an ownership structure that is unattractive in the standard model may now be desirable, because it implies large gains from trade, such that the parties are more inclined to incur the transaction costs.     

Transaction costs and the collection of information: presale measurement on private timber sales

Measurement efforts to reduce the uncertainty concerning theattributes of heterogeneous goods may simply redistribute wealthand result in social waste. Individuals bearing the cost ofsuch distributional measurement have incentives to develop buyingand selling practices that limit such measurement. We examine,both theoretically and empirically, the determinants of thelevel of distributional measurement efforts in a competitiveauction framework. The empirical application, which uses a sampleof private timber sales, provides strong support for the implicationsof the theoretical model of presale measurement.     

沟通与交易

本文在交易中正式引入“沟通”这一概念 ,以便扩展现有的交易理论的研究深度和广度。沟通作为交易中不可缺少的内容 ,发挥两方面的作用 ,即帮助交易双方达成互利的法律合约以及使交易双方互相了解对方的不成文规则 ,从而帮助合同的执行。本文提出了一个关于沟通的描述性理论框架 ,并将沟通置于外国直接投资的背景下 ,利用一个简单的理论模型讨论沟通对达成合同的作用及其后果     

建设工程交易模式和交易机制设计框架

建设工程交易模式和交易机制确定了工程交易的规则以及项目参与者的工作范围、权利、责任和义务,从而直接影响到项目的成败。本文基于物理-事理-人理(WSR)方法论,建立工程交易模式和交易机制的设计框架。工程物理空间结构构成物理维;人作用于物的工程实施过程是,构成事理维,反应工程的时间结构;工程交易各方协作机制构成人理维,即为工程交易机制。工程的物理维和事理维确定的工程交易对象、工程交易模式的设计包括:业主方的管理方式的设计、工程发包方式的设计和合同类型的选择。工程交易机制的设计包括:招标机制设计、合同设计、担保机制和合同机制设计等。这个统一的框架为工程交易治理机制的设计提供了完整的解决方案。     

Relaxing benevolence: public choice, socialist calculation, and planner self-interest

The Austrian calculation argument suggests that inability to engage in economic calculation worsened outcomes in socialist states. We suggest that this is hardly the case. When Austrian assumptions of benevolence are relaxed, inability to engage in economic calculation prevents the non-benevolent planner from fully extracting all available surplus from the citizenry. Consequently, when planners are non-benevolent, calculation ceases to be a relevant argument against the desirability of central planning; its normative force reverses absent benevolent planners. JEL Code P0, P16, P50     

交易成本与区域经济一体化

1．分工与交易成本。分工和专业化是经济增长的主要动力，与分工和专业化紧密相联的是不同经济主体之间的交易行为。交易是不同专业之间联系的纽带，从而使整个社会经济形成一个庞大的经济网络。     

交易成本与西部经济的发展

实施西部开发是解决中国区域经济发展不平衡问题的一项重大举措,但目前东西部的差距在进一步增大,西部经济发展面临着诸多障碍,交易成本高昂是其中一项重要原因,降低交易成本是促进西部经济快速发展的重要路径。     

知识交易、创新和知识产业

知识是公共品的传统理论需要重新审视,知识交易具有可能性与可行性。知识交易激励知识生产和加速知识应用,引致创新繁荣。知识交易达到显著规模意味着知识产业的出现,知识交易是知识产业的基本活动。政府对知识产业的扶植需要考虑知识产业的特殊性,需要发展对知识市场的管制能力。     

合同方式的演进和交易效率与安全

从世界范围看,随着社会经济的发展,合同方式大体上经历了由重形式到重意思再到意思与形式兼顾的由繁到简的演进历程。我国现行合同法关于合同方式兼采要式与不要式原则,具体表现为三重规则,即一般规则、特别规则、特别规则的例外规则。回顾合同方式的历史演进与解析我国合同方式的法律态度,有助于加强人们对合同方式对交易效率与安全的影响的认识,使人们自觉规范交易活动,减少合同纠纷,追求交易效率与安全的最高境界,促进经济健康发展。     

知识交易的定价

就知识经济理论而言,知识交易是不应该被忽略的关键性主题。根据知识供给者面对的市场不同,知识交易的定价分析方法也不同。定价模型揭示了效用不确定性、效用的动态性、信息不对称、非重复交易、交易方式的多样性等对最优定价以及社会福利的影响。知识交易理论是知识经济学的微观基础。