湖南洞许湖区湿地的利用和保护研究

湖南洞庭湖区是我国面积最大的湖泊型湿地分布区之一，其湿地类型众多，分布广泛演替过程复杂。功能显著。目前，洞许湖区湿地资源利用和保护中存在利用水平不高，湖泊调蓄功能下降和湿地生态功能衰退等问题。为了合理开发和保护湖区湿地资源，必须大力发展湿地综合农业，稳定湖泊水体湿地面积，加强湿地生态环境建设。     

大兴安岭地区湿地现状及保护

大兴安岭现存湿地824490hm^2像一座庞大的蓄水库，支撑和维系着大兴安岭寒温带森林生态系统；近几十年来由于湿地开垦、气候变化，用水被截，水质污染等原因，致使该区湿地大幅度减少，亟待实施有效保护。     

湖南洞庭湖区湿地的利用和保护研究

湖南洞庭湖区是我国面积最大的湖泊型湿地分布区之一，其湿地类型众多．分布广泛．演替过程复杂．功能显著．目前．洞庭湖区湿地资源利用和保护中存在利用水平不高、湖泊调蓄功能下降和湿地生态功能衰退等问题．为了合理开发和保护湖区湿地资源．必须大力发展湿地综合农业．稳定湖泊水体湿地面积．加强湿地生态环境建设。     

我国湿地土壤资源及其可持续利用

中国湿地土壤资源类型多、分布广、面积大。湿地土壤具有有机质含量高、矿质养分丰富、还原性能强的特点。随着我国人口的持续增长和社会经济的发展，湿地土壤资源正面临质量退化、生态环境功能弱化和生物多样性减少的威胁。在此基础上提出了我国湿地土壤资源可持续利用的对策，即开发利用与保护增殖兼顾；加强农田基本建设、用地养地结合；因地制宜、综合利用，建设湿地生态农业。     

论湿地的科学管理和合理利用

湿地是自然界最富生物多样性的生态景观和人类最重要的生存环境资源之一。从我国湿地资源目前面临严重的威胁分析，不同历史时期的政策导向加速了湿地的破坏，保护湿地就是保护生态环境、保护家园；应建立科学管理和合理利用湿地的运作机制，还地球一个建康的“肾”。     

沧州市南大港湿地保护对策研究

南大港湿地是在自然因素和人为影响共同作用下形成的半人工滨海沼泽湿地；介绍了南大港湿地及动植物资源，分析了该湿地面临的主要问题并提出了保护对策。     

洞庭湖湿地水域生态农业发展模式研究

洞庭湖区湿地水域有3种类型：湖盆中心敞水带、滨湖季节性淹没带和湖区外环渍水低地带，呈碟形盆地圈带状立体景观结构的特征，即同心环带状：湖盆中心带、湖滨中环带、外环带。该湿地动植物资源、水资源十分丰富，有辽阔的湖洲滩地。分析洞庭湖湿地水域经济发展存在的问题：湿地面积减少，蓄水能力及调蓄洪水能力减弱，洪涝灾害频繁；生态功能退化，生物多样性受损；水质污染严重，水产品质量下降。鉴于洞庭湖湿地复杂的生态系统和丰富多样的水域资源及现存问题，提出分别适应洞庭湖区3种类型湿地水域的生态农业开发模式，以期达到保护湖区湿地水域生态环境、湿地资源持续利用、生态效益与经济效益并重的目的。     

第11个“世界湿地日”宣传活动在西溪国家湿地公园举行

2月2日，当第11个“世界湿地日”来临之际，省林业厅，杭州市林水局、西溪国家湿地公园管委会联合在西溪国家湿地公园举行了丰富多彩的主题宣传活动。团省委、省海洋渔业局、省自然博物馆．团市委，杭州市农业局共同协办。省林业厅副厅长祁宏和有关领导、专家参加宣传活动并讲话。免费开放的西溪湿地公园迎来了数以千计的游客，看渔夫们撒网捕鱼，昕专家讲解湿地生物的秘密，为保护宝贵的湿地资源写下寄语。同时，还举办了湿地知识有奖竞答，观看湿地鱼类荨生物标本、湿地保护科普知识咨询、小学生文艺表演等活动。通过活动＋倡导人们从一点一滴做起，爱护湿地，爱护森林，爱护鸟类，保护地球母亲，保护美丽的家园。[第一段]     

丽水的湿地保护管理

2008年以来，丽水市林业系统以扩大湿地面积、提高湿地功能为核心，以湿地保护与恢复、湿地合理利用示范，以及湿地管护能力建设为重点，较好地推进了湿地保护管理工作。     

湿地保护及湿地生态恢复技术探讨

湿地作为生态系统中的关键组成部分,保护湿地也就是保护生态平衡与优化生态环境.而随着城市化、工业化的快速发展,目前湿地生态系统的面积正逐步锐减,为了保护生态平衡,需要高度重视湿地保护工作,致力于恢复湿地生态功能,改善人类赖以生存的环境.本文主要针对湿地保护策略与湿地生态恢复技术展开探讨,以期为相关工作者提供参考,共同促进...     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.