Spillovers of the Conventional and Unconventional Monetary Policy from the US to South Africa

This paper assesses the effect of US monetary policy on South Africa during the period 1990–2018. We separately analyse and compare the effect of conventional monetary policy, before the Global Financial Crisis, and unconventional monetary policy, after the US monetary policy reached the zero-lower bound. Our impulse response function results indicate that monetary policy in South Africa responds mainly to local inflation, economic activity and financial conditions. While there is strong correlation between the global and South African financial cycle, the financial cycle is not transmitted to the real economy because of the sluggish response of industrial production and domestic credit, especially after the global financial crisis. We see this as an indication of the effects of structural issues to the real economy and constrained households’ balance sheet which has prevented the local economy to take advantage of low local interest rates and the global economic recovery after the crisis.     

Money and banking in a mature Walrasian economy

All financial transactions in the original Walrasian economy, as written in the édition définitive of the éléments, occur in the markets for short-term money services (the short-term bond market) and commodity E (the equity market). However, introduction of the long-term bond and the deposit markets requires only minor surgery to the original and they are now supplied, inspiring the name mature Walrasian economy. Transactions in numeraire then entail all institutions of the banking system and provide completely for money and credit. Into this economy the condition of inconvertibility, a discretionary numeraire with reserve requirements, and a central bank are introduced and clarified. Finally, multiple monetary subsystems in the same global economy are recognized and reconciled, thus establishing a global economy with a single numeraire commodity.     

重构国际货币体系的内在力量来自何处?

这次金融危机暴露了以美元为主导的国际货币体系的根本性制度缺陷,长期来看,美元衰弱的趋势不可阻挡,但目前美国仍然是世界上最为发达的经济体,美元还是最重要的全球储备货币。短期内美元的坚挺对全世界来说是重要的,贸然采取"激进式"的改革方式只能导致国际货币体系更加混乱。最好的办法就是培育欧元、日元、人民币等多元货币的竞争力量,形成对美元的制衡和监督机制,重构一个多元化的国际货币体系。中国应该借鉴欧元、日元国际化的经验,为多元化国际货币的存在与人民币的国际化创造积极条件。     

China and the evolution of the world economy

China's rapid growth and its growth model have accelerated important existing structural trends in the world economy and made them decisive characteristics of the global economy. In particular, China has ensured that this will be the era of the global market economy; the super-industrial economy; the post-industrial economy; the ecologically constrained economy; the complex economy; the highly globalized economy; the innovation economy; an economy with a new moral consciousness about the global supply chain; and an economy with an emerging new monetary system.     

主权货币国际化内在矛盾及其策略选择——兼论国际货币体系多元发展路线的历史逻辑

美元作为主权货币国际化,在适应并促进世界经济增长的同时,其内在矛盾成为世界经济失衡、汇率大幅波动以及流动性泛滥的重要因素。解决美国主权货币国际化助推的贸易赤字、财政赤字和巨额债务问题,需要美国政府财政政策、货币政策和产业政策的重大调整,还需要国际货币体系的重大改革,从美元主导的单一货币模式转变为多元模式。美元、欧元以及正在走向国际化的人民币共同构成代表和主导北美、欧洲、亚洲等三大经济圈、覆盖全球经济体的国际货币体系。研究主权货币国际化的内在矛盾以及国际货币体系多元发展路线的历史逻辑,对有效应对复杂多变的国际经济环境,加快人民币国际化进程具有理论和决策参考价值。     

An SVAR Approach to Evaluation of Monetary Policy in India: Solution to the Exchange Rate Puzzles in an Open Economy

Following the exchange-rate paper by Kim and Roubini (J Monet Econ 45(3):561–586, 2000), we revisit the questions on monetary policy, exchange rate delayed overshooting, the inflationary puzzle, and the weak monetary transmission mechanism; but we do so for the open Indian economy. We further incorporate a superior monetary measure, the aggregation-theoretic Divisia monetary aggregate. Our paper confirms the efficacy of the Kim and Roubini (J Monet Econ 45(3):561–586, 2000) contemporaneous restriction, customized for the Indian economy, especially when compared with recursive structure, which is damaged by the price puzzle and the exchange rate puzzle. The importance of incorporating correctly measured money into the exchange rate model is illustrated, when we compare models with no-money, simple-sum monetary measures, and Divisia monetary measures. Our results are confirmed in terms of impulse response, variance decomposition analysis, and out-of-sample forecasting. In addition, we do a flip-flop variance decomposition analysis, finding two important phenomena in the Indian economy: (i) the existence of a weak link between the nominal-policy variable and real-economic activity, and (ii) the use of inflation-targeting as a primary goal of the Indian monetary authority. These two main results are robust, holding across different time period, dissimilar monetary aggregates, and diverse exogenous model designs.     

信贷紧缩和流动性供给的悖论——全球金融危机之后中国银行业的考察(下)

我国在金融危机之后出现过信贷膨胀,经济过热之后又出现信贷紧缩。信贷紧缩会导致信贷增长下降,社会再生产的资金需求得不到满足。信贷紧缩有管理性成因,也有制度性成因。同时,为了确保经济增长的一定增速,我国的货币政策又要保持一定的流动性。这样,我国就出现了信贷紧缩和流动性供给之间的矛盾。本文讨论了全球金融危机之后,我国出现信贷紧缩的宏观经济运行背景,以及在此背景下货币政策失灵的内在逻辑。     

A Diagnostic on the West African Monetary Union

Deploying the classical optimum currency areas (OCA) theory and recent developments in the monetary literature, this paper evaluates the appropriateness of West African Monetary Union (WAEMU) as a monetary zone. Nine macroeconomic dimensions are investigated under which the first four items are quantified against a reference economy, namely the United States, the eurozone or China, while the rest are measured in absolute terms for time periods before and after the 2008‐2009 global financial crisis. Results could signify relative dominance of the three world's largest economies to the West African region. In addition to inherent asymmetries across the union, findings suggest the emerging Chinese yuan as an alternative to the euro as the monetary anchor.     

货币政策对房地产市场的调控：中、日比较

中国的房地产价格从2003年以来持续快速上涨，政府及中央银行虽然采取了一系列调控政策抑制房价，但房地产泡沫并未显著萎缩。本文通过比较中国与日本泡沫经济时期房地产泡沫的成因、货币政策调控目标、调控工具以及政策时滞的异同，分析了导致中国货币政策低效的主要原因，在汲取日本的教训和经验基础上，结合我国的具体情况，提出了增强货币政策对房地产市场调控效果的政策建议。     

Financial Factors in the Business Cycle of a Small Open Economy: The Case of Korea

Financial factors influencing the business cycle have received considerable attention in recent years in the aftermath of the global financial crisis in 2008. This paper examines the role of financial factors in the business cycle by considering Korea, a small open economy, that experienced a severe financial crisis in 1997 as well as the recent global financial crisis. We estimate small open economy Bayesian DSGE (dynamic stochastic general equilibrium) models with financial factors and analyze the role of these financial factors in the business cycle in the context of Korea. The results indicate that the model based on an endogenous financial accelerator and a modified monetary policy rule provides a better explanation to the data than that without the financial factors and justify the recent attention to financial factors influencing the business cycle.     

贸易摩擦背景下关税与货币政策反制策略研究

通过将贸易品美元定价约束、外汇噪声交易和关税反制等特征融入两国DSGE模型,文章对贸易摩擦背景下美国进口关税冲击的传导渠道以及中国的关税反制策略与货币应对政策有效性等问题进行了数值分析。研究发现,关税反制措施能够有效地对冲美国加征进口关税对中国实际产出、消费和净出口的消极影响,并有助于抑制人民币实际汇率贬值。若进一步搭配将出口品关税纳入利率调控框架的积极货币政策,对于经济扩张与保持汇率稳定都更加有效。但从长期社会福利角度看,积极货币政策对美国经济也具有明显的正向溢出作用,关税反制则会产生显著的福利转移效应,不采取任何关税与货币应对政策将使中国遭受最大的福利损失。因此,基于"打击最大化、自损最小化"原则,中国应对美国采取坚决有力的关税反击,同时保持货币政策相对中性、克制,以期实现"以战促和"的战略目标。     

中国选择货币政策中介目标的探讨

研究开放经济条件下的现行货币供应量中介目标的有效性及中介目标的选择问题是我国当前需要解决的问题。通过结合中国开放经济背景,深刻分析影响中国货币供应量中介目标有效性的因素以及开放条件下中介目标的选择问题即分析利率与通货膨胀目标制在中国的适用性。     

美中应对金融危机的货币政策及其效果比较

2007年在美国爆发的次贷危机和金融危机对全球经济造成了巨大、强烈而深远的影响和冲击。中美两国各自根据国情及危机产生的根源的不同分别采取了及时积极的货币政策和财政政策,本文从两国货币政策实施的具体操作措施、实施的时间、目标、政策工具和力度、实施效果、经济恢复情况及目前仍存在的经济问题进行了详细的比较和分析。     

全球金融变革与中国国际金融战略构想

后危机时代,国际货币体系多元化的趋势不可逆转,美国的金融模式亦面临严重挑战。中国的经济大国地位需要大国金融的支撑。中国金融发展的战略目标是构建新的全球性金融中心。人民币国际化是新的全球性金融中心形成的前提,而金融市场特别是资本市场的开放和大发展则是金融中心建设的关键。     

日元贬值原因、影响与对策思考

从 2 0 0 1年 11月以来 ,日元出现了快速贬值的趋势 ,日元大幅度贬值会增加金融不稳定因素 ,严重削弱东亚地区货币合作机制和金融市场稳定的基础 ,严重地削弱以货币互换和信息交流等为主要内容的东亚地区金融合作机制。中国是劳动力丰富、资本相对稀缺的国家 ,并且这种情况将持续相当长一段时间。中国应充分利用经济增长率较高 ,金融秩序较稳定的条件和时机 ,深化金融体制改革 ,健全金融体制 ,积极培育有活力的金融机构 ,开发有吸引力的金融商品 ,多渠道、大规模、高效益地利用日元等外资 ,为我国经济健康发展服务     

International spillovers of U.S. monetary uncertainty and equity market volatility to China’s stock markets

Due to the global economy that is currently being increasingly integrated and liberalized, the cross-country transmission of U.S. monetary policy surprises has become a critical issue attracting scholarly attention. This research thus extends the existing literature by assessing the causal linkages among U.S. monetary policy uncertainty (USMPU), equity market volatility, and China’s stock price index over the period from January 1994 to August 2021. We apply Granger causality in quantile analysis to explore the relationships in each quantile of the distribution in a comprehensible manner. The results indicate that equity market volatility and China’s stock price dynamics play little role in affecting USMPU. We also find that only greater changes in both positive monetary policy uncertainty and stock prices lead to changes in equity market volatility. Furthermore, fluctuations in monetary policy uncertainty and equity market volatility in the United States Granger-cause China’s stock prices. Knowing such causality results could prevent market participants from adopting a one-size-fits-all strategy.     

经济走势和政策调整的就业效应分析

我国经济增长正处在新一轮经济周期的波峰。随着今后采取从紧货币政策措施,加上人民币持续升值的压力,经济增长和就业受到的冲击不容忽视。在工资高增长阶段,劳动力市场的结构性矛盾会更加突出。在就业优先的原则下,一系列经济政策既要保持经济在高位上平稳运行,又要提高劳动者的素质和技能,并逐步改善劳动者的保护,从而实现充分就业的政策目标。     

货币供给扰动与我国真实的经济增长

西方经济学理论关于货币变动是否对真实经济产生影响一直存在争论,一些经济学流派认为货币与真实经济无关,而另一些经济学流派认为货币与真实经济高度相关。本文通过对这两种观点进行简单综述的基础上,着重分析由于信息不对称,有限理性,产权不清晰,收入分配差距过大等原因,使得货币变动对我国当前的真实经济增长有着举足轻重的作用,并就我国货币政策目标选择与推进对策提出一些建议。     

全球性货币错配与国际货币体系改革

全球性货币错配是全球经济失衡的货币表现,而以"美元本位制"为核心的现行国际货币体系是全球性货币错配的重要根源。国际货币体系改革的方向是加强国际间货币金融合作,最大限度地降低各国货币错配程度,以防止金融风险的扩大和货币危机的频繁发生。     

On Optimal Monetary Policy Rules and the Construction of MCIs in the Open Economy

This paper presents a simple open-economy forward-looking model to underscore the important role of the real exchange rate channel in the conduct of optimal monetary policy. As opposed to the closed economy, optimal monetary policy in the open economy depends on both demand-side and supply-side parameters.The paper also highlights the importance of the exchange rate channel for the design and implementation of a Monetary Conditions Index in the conduct of monetary policy. The model gives rise to an alternative MCI where the weight on the real exchange rate depends on all parameters of the model and the policymakers preferences.