On Monetary Analysis of Derivatives

Financial derivatives are products whose price is linked with that of an underlying asset. The relationship between these two prices has been studied in depth, and the following conclusions have been reached: (1) the volatility of underlying asset's price decreases after the introduction of derivatives, (2) the price discovery effect improves, (3) the liquidity of the underlying asset's market increases, (4) the bid-ask spread decreases together, and (5) the noise component of prices decreases. Those results are microeconomic and are not coherent with a macroeconomic analysis of derivatives. Derivatives tend to change the effectiveness of monetary policy actions by modifying the instruments that can be used. Derivatives have a monetary nature that has not been yet recognized by central banks and international organizations such as the International Monetary Fund and the Bank for International Settlements. This monetary nature can be evident by testing the relationship between derivatives and the interest rate. The consciousness of the monetary nature of derivatives would impose the quantification of transactions at least by the institutions that hold them, such as banks and other financial operators, and consequently by national authorities.     

信贷投放、货币供给和货币政策的有效性分析

在货币政策的实施过程中,作为政策中介的金融机构贷款余额、广义货币供给与物价水平和GDP序列存在稳定的均衡关系,信贷投放对于货币政策有效性具有显著的制约作用.现阶段我国货币政策实施环境决定了在货币政策效应的传导机制中,信贷渠道对国民经济的影响大于货币渠道.     

Resurrecting Keynes to Stabilize the International Monetary System

We adapt the basic principles of the Keynes Plan and argue for the creation of a supranational bank money (SBM) that would coexist along side national currencies and for the establishment of a new international clearing union (NICU). These principles remain timely because the fundamental causes of the instability of the international monetary system are as valid today as they were in the early forties. The new supranational money would be created against domestic earning assets of the Fed and the ECB and its quantity would be demand-driven. Our proposal is not an agreement on exchange rates, which while possible is not essential to the functioning of the SBM. NICU would not hold open positions in assets denominated in national currency and consequently would not bear exchange rate risk. NICU would be more than an office recording credit and debit entries of the supranational bank money. The financial tsunami that hit the world economy in 2007–2008 provides a unique opportunity for a coordinated strategy.

关注调整中的国际货币体制权力结构

国际货币体系始终处于动荡之中,关键货币之间汇率冲突不断,导致这种状况的主要根源是美元危机。美元面临多方面挑战。美元体制基础弱化的征兆越来越明显。国际主导货币之间的竞争呈现新的特点。我国应注意发挥人民币潜在功能,完善外汇政策体系,维护金融稳定,在人民币国际化问题上宜立足于"不急不躁"战略。     

中外货币市场基金比较研究

货币市场基金最早始于70年代的美国,在近30年的发展中显示出强大的生命力.本文通过对中外货币市场基金发展现状、基本情况、产生发展背景等几方面的比较,提出应根据中国实际情况及发行货币市场基金的政策目标,来设计适合中国情况的基金发展之路,促进货币市场基金作用的更好更快发挥。     

试论基础货币与中央银行的关系

一国政府授予中央银行对基础货币的垄断发行权,使得中央银行的负债如同黄金白银被广泛接受,并且成为其他银行的储备,随后政府持久性地取消了中央银行负债的可赎回性,中央银行发行的基础货币也就成为不可兑现的货币。本文先从货币发展史着手,分析了现行基础货币实际上是中央银行对公众和各商业银行的负债,再进一步讨论基础货币与中央银行的诸多关系。     

Policy Choices and Resilience to International Monetary Shocks

Abstract

The well-known trilemma theory states that the nominal exchange rate regime plays a crucial role in a country's ability to pursue monetary policy that is for its domestic objectives independent from other countries' influences. In particular, a flexible exchange rate is required for an independent monetary policy. Capital controls may help a country with a fixed exchange rate to gain some policy space but the effect of capital controls is leaky and often short-lived. We revisit these conventional wisdoms and find no strong evidence supporting them in practice. In particular, a flexible exchange rate does not reliably deliver monetary policy independence, but capital controls do. This is consistent with the view that most (developing) countries dislike either depreciation or appreciation of their currencies, and therefore would choose to follow US monetary policy moves even if they are on a flexible exchange rate regime. In other words, to build resilience to international monetary policy shocks, capital controls are a necessarily component.     

对SHIBOR作为货币市场基准利率在货币政策框架转型下的基准性研究

基于上海银行间同业拆放利率（SHIBOR）报价时间的调整,通过选取银行间回购定盘利率与短期SHIBOR的报价数据,运用格兰杰因果关系检验的方法,对SHIBOR在报价时间调整前后两阶段的基准性进行了对比分析。研究结果表明：SHIBOR报价时间调整以后,在货币市场利率体系中的基准性地位不仅没有得到提升,反而出现了弱化的趋势。     

电子货币的发展对日本货币政策有效性的影响

日本作为亚洲成熟金融货币体系的代表,电子货币的迅速发展及其对货币政策的影响效果是值得我们探讨和借鉴的.基于巴塞尔委员会对电子货币的定义,日本银行按年度发布了2007～2008财年的电子货币及其他货币供给数据.借助这些数据,可以检验近两个财政年度日本电子货币的发展对日本央行货币政策有效性是否产生值得关注的影响,即日本电子货币的替代效应对央行的各层次货币乘数是否产生显著的影响,以及日本银行的电子货币发展状况调查结果与结论能否指引央行有效地制定和实施在电子货币条件下的货币政策.     

从后凯恩斯主义货币内生理论谈货币政策的出路

文章以后凯恩斯主义货币内生论为理论依据,将货币“中性”与“非中性”之争和“内生”与“外生”之争纳入到一个框架下进行研究,以探求货币政策操作的“内生”逻辑。采用我国2001年第1季度至2013年第3季度的季度数据,构建联立方程模型,运用协整检验和系统估计方法分别考察货币政策操作的短期和长期效果以及货币内生创造机制的根源。实证结果表明,M2对名义GDP增长短期和长期均呈现中性;M2短期内会加剧CPI的波动率,但长期内和CPI增长率没有共同的趋势;存款与M2有共同的长期趋势,短期内二者呈现显著的正相关性而且显著性不会随着结构变化、滞后项和控制变量的加入而减弱;贷款与存款之间也存在长期的共同趋势,短期内贷款对存款的解释力度是高度显著且稳定的。以上四点主要结论对我国货币当局制定货币政策提供了重要的指导意义。     

纵观国际农产品市场

从国际农产品市场现状来看,农产品国际市场稳步前进,但是在国际农产品市场推行贸易自由化前途堪忧。农产品出口频遭主要进口国技术壁垒、绿色壁垒封锁,世贸组织成员之间贸易磨擦日渐增多,在这样的形势下,对各主要农产品进出口国出口贸易政策进行研究,对中国进出口贸易有很大的意义。     

Money,Velocity, and the Stock Market

This paper provides a study of the relationship between money growth variability, velocity, and the stock market, using recent advances in financial econometrics. We estimate a trivariate VARMA, GARCH-in-Mean, BEKK model to quantify the effects of financial market and money supply instability. We investigate the robustness of the results to different definitions of money using monthly Divisia indices for the United States from the Center for Financial Stability (CFS). Empirical evidence supports significance of financial market and money supply volatility, and we conclude that Friedman’s money supply volatility hypothesis is alive and well.     

SINOTRUK驶向国际市场

●2004年,一个全球化的中国重汽新标识“SINOTRUK”在香港注册诞生,它为中国重汽创世界知名品牌打出了旗帜。●2005年,中国重汽出口苏丹810辆重型卡车,创国内重型卡车单笔出口量最高纪录。●2006年2月,中国重汽与伊朗签订价值3.5亿美元的中国单笔最大出口数额订单,向其出口1万辆“SINOTRUK”重型汽车。     

坎蒂隆效应与古典货币理论中的货币非中性

在当代货币理论中，新古典货币理论往往把其货币中性观的历史渊源追溯到古典货币理论文献那里，从而给人造成一种误解，以为古典货币理论就是货币中性理论。本文通过对古典货币理论文献的考察，说明古典货币理论并不完全等同于货币中性理论，相反，古典货币理论成为了以后历史上各个时期货币非中性观点的直接渊源，从而澄清了上述误解。     

跨国公司国际市场跟进博弈与信息欺诈

跨国公司在选择进入国外市场时存在着跟随进入现象，先进入者比跟随者掌握了更多的当地市场信息，而其却不了解跟随者的市场需求估计，二者之间出现了信息分布不对称。它们在信息不对称和收益最大化的约束下确定各自的均衡产出，博弈过程显示二者的收益都依赖于跟随者对当地市场前景的估计，由此导致了信息欺诈，使双方的实际产出可能偏离均衡产出。