凯恩斯与马克思国民收入理论的比较研究

凯恩斯的国民收入基本公式以及实现宏观经济平衡的基本条件(I=S)与马克思资本主义两大部类再生产基本公式和平衡条件具有内在的相似性和逻辑关系。作为对宏观经济整体运行状态的研究,凯恩斯的国民收入公式和I=S在马克思两大部类再生产基本公式和平衡条件简单变形的基础上就可以得出。可以说,凯恩斯开创的宏观经济学是对马克思社会再生产理论模型的基本公式及相关经济思想的直接吸收和客观发展。     

回归凯恩斯-写于《通论》发表70周年

"充分信心的预期"是新古典经济学理论的一个基本假设。《通论》可以看成是对新古典这一假设之革命。凯恩斯的产量决定过程可以理解为一个乘数过程,该乘数过程也同时反映为一个市场交易过程:Javits中心的交易日。与新古典理论所隐含的交易过程,即瓦尔拉斯的交易过程相比,Javits中心的交易日似乎更接近现实,而这样一个过程也能很好地解释了货币的循环。对于凯恩斯理论缺乏微观基础的批判并不意味着其微观基础不存在,而这恰恰是经济学的研究方向。与新古典理论相比,凯恩斯理论更适合于解释中国当前的市场经济。     

KEYNES ON WAGE FLEXIBILITY AND THE AUSTRALIAN WAGES SYSTEM*

Keynes' General Theory briefly discusses the Australian wages system, as an example of a system in which an attempt was made to fix real wages by law. Keynes argues that such a system, strictly enforced, generates an unstable unemployment equilibrium or highly volatile money wages and prices. This paper clarifies Keynes' views on the Australian system, with a view to their wider relevance for the significance of real and money wage flexibility and inflexibility in Keynes' economics. The most striking finding is that money wage stickiness is a conclusion, not an assumption, of Keynes' theory of employment.     

JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL ACCOUNTS IN BRITAIN, 1895–1941

This history of National Accounts in Britain is done with two specific considerations in mind. First, the role of the economist John Maynard Keynes—as theoretician, compiler, supporter and user—is addressed. This role is substantial and has been greatly misunderstood or misrepresented by a large part of the literature. Second, the pioneering contributions made at the start of the 20th century by Alfred Flux, Arthur Bowley and Josiah Stamp, and later by Colin Clark, are detailed. The debates between these men mark the emergence of National Accounts as a serious discipline. Their work was supported by the earlier theoretical contributions of Alfred Marshall, and by practical developments, in particular the instigation of a Census of Production in 1907. Taken together, the two considerations tell a good part of the story of the emergence of National Accounting on the world stage.