中小跨国企业对外直接投资模式分析

中小跨国企业是指在母国就业人数不足500,至少拥有一个海外分支机构,母国属于经济发达地区或新兴工业化国家、地区的企业。中小企业在促进经济稳定增长,加速技术创新,完善市场体系等方面发挥着重要作用,但根据一项研究表明,中小企业的对外直接投资占世界总FDI的流量不利10%,而在国内,这一比例大约占到50%。近年来,发达国家中小跨国企业对外直接投资的增长速度明显加快。     

跨国公司对外直接投资理论探析

跨国公司是20世纪兴起和发展起来的大型国际性企业组织,是当今世界组织经济活动最重要的主体,而跨国公司对外直接投资的迅猛发展是经济全球化的主要表现。20世纪60年代以来,许多学者开始从不同角度、不同层次对跨国公司对外直接投资行为进行理论研究。通过对跨国公司对外直接投资理论的探讨,可以进一步提高我国利用对外直接投资的水平,弥补我国利用外资的不足之处并加以调整。     

跨国公司对外直接投资理论研究

跨国公司对外直接投资理论从其适用范围上大体可分为发达国家和发展中国家两大类。本文将首先介绍发达国家跨国公司对外直接投资理论,其次阐述发展中国家跨国公司对外直接投资理论,最后是总结性评述,并指出跨国公司对外直接投资领域未来进一步研究的方向。     

从后发展国家对外直接投资理论看印度跨国公司对外直接投资

近几年,印度跨国公司在世界经济舞台上崭露头角,引起学界广泛关注,这得益于印度企业对外直接投资成绩斐然、绩效显著。发展中国家对外直接投资理论在一定程度上解释了自上世纪80年代以来发展中国家跨国公司对外直接投资行为。然而随着印度等后发展国家跨国公司的崛起,发展中国家跨国公司理论也需在诸多方面进行完善,以便能更好地解释后发展国家跨国公司对外直接投资的新动向。     

东道国政治冲突、中国对外援助和对外直接投资

本文利用UCDP全球武装暴力冲突数据、Aid Data中国对外援助数据和中国对外直接投资(OFDI)备案数据研究发现：东道国国内政治冲突对当地中国OFDI具有负面影响;而中国对当地的援助能够减缓受助国政治冲突对中国OFDI的负面冲击。进一步,东道国政治冲突和中国对外援助对中国非资源类行业和非国有企业投资影响更大;同时,改善双边关系和降低信息不对称是中国援助降低政治冲突的风险增加效应的潜在途径。本文从冲击缓解的角度论证了中国对外援助在中国经济“走出去”方面的积极作用,有利于中国OFDI的发展。     

我国跨国公司对外直接投资区位选择分析

世界经济逐步走向一体化、科技水平日新月异,很大程度上降低了市场交易成本,为我国跨国公司的对外直接投资(FDI)提供了优越的外部环境.然而,由于主客观方面的原因,我国跨国公司的发展相对落后,因此,如何提高我国跨国公司FDI 的投资效率、优化其区位分布就成为当务之急.本文从我国跨国公司对外直接投资现状出发,分析其区位分布的影响因素及缺陷,对优化我国跨国公司FDI区位分布提出对策和建议.     

中国企业对外直接投资的现状分析

在经济全球化、知识经济、网络经济,以及中国已成为WTO成员国的大环境下,如何加快实施走出去步伐,缓解国内资源短缺矛盾、推动产业结构调整、扩大出口、增强国际竞争力是我国企业面临的新课题。本文在总结我国企业对外直接投资的发展现状和优势的基础上,概括分析我国对外直接的模式,在投资规模加快增长的同时,有力地促进了国民经济的发展。     

论中国对外直接投资

论中国对外直接投资寻菊贤一、中国对外直接投资中存在的主要问题虽然我国的对外投资发展迅速，从１９７９年以来，年均增长３５％以上，但是，与同期中国吸引外商直接投资的实际投入相比，则国内引进外资和海外投资的比例仅为１∶０．０３７，这远远低于世界平均１∶１．...     

跨国企业对外直接投资的风险与防范

在全球经济一体化的背景下,拥有一定垄断优势的国内企业,必然要通过跨国投资的方式在世界范围内扩张,以达到利润最大化的目的。由于国际直接投资进程的每一个阶段和每一步行动中都会有风险蕴藏,这些风险的成因和规律各不相同,但可按照其自身的规律,将其进行分解,这将有助于我们对风险的整体认识和了解。正确地评估各种风险,如何有效地采取措施防范和规避风险,最大限度地降低损失,     

我国中小企业对外直接投资的产业选择

文章针对我国中小企业投资领域的分布状况以及出现的问题,以五种对外直接投资产业选择的理论为基础构建了五个选择基准,并提出中小企业现阶段对外直接投资应选择那些符合参照基准的产业的观点。     

中国企业对外直接投资与企业生产能力

随着中国企业对外直接投资(OFDI)规模的日益扩大,企业OFDI对企业生产能力的影响问题成为学者们研究的重点议题.本文基于2013—2018年的企业OFDI数据,使用倾向得分匹配法系统研究对OFDI活动对中国企业生产能力的作用结果.研究发现:OFDI活动与企业生产能力之间存在着显著的因果关系.不论是从短期还是长期来看,OFDI活动都会对企业的生产能力产生正向推动作用,同时这种推动作用还会随着时间的推移而不断提高.另外,本文还将OFDI活动划分为三大类,不同类型的OFDI活动对企业生产能力的影响中存在着较为显著的差异性.本文的研究结论为推动中国企业开展OFDI活动及相关政府管理部门制定管理政策,提供了重要的参考和借鉴.     

Foreign Debt,Foreign Direct Investment and Volatility

We investigate how foreign debt and foreign direct investment (FDI) affect the growth and welfare of a stochastically growing small open economy. First, we find that foreign debt influences the growth of domestic wealth by lowering the cost of capital, while FDI affects the country's welfare by providing an additional source of permanent income. Second, a decline in domestic investment may improve domestic welfare as FDI replaces the gap. Even when the welfare deteriorates, its magnitude is mitigated, leaving more room for discretionary fiscal policy. Third, a fiscal policy aimed to stabilize domestic output fluctuations needs to be conducted not to crowd out the welfare benefit of FDI too much. Fourth, an economy with both types of foreign capital experiences wider welfare swings by external volatility shocks than the one with foreign debt alone, while the welfare effects from domestic volatility shocks are mitigated. The welfare effects of fiscal shocks are much smaller with both types of foreign capital. Lastly, the first-best labor income tax covers the government absorption by the labor's share of total output, and the capital income tax covers the rest. Investment is penalized or subsidized depending on the social marginal cost-gain differential.     

Foreign Direct Investment and Environmental Taxes

Abstract. This paper studies the effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) on environmental policy stringency in a two-country model with trade costs, where FDI could be unilateral and bilateral and both governments address local pollution through environmental taxes. We show that FDI does not give rise to ecological dumping because the host country has an incentive to shift rents away from the source country toward the host country. Environmental policy strategies and welfare effects are studied under the assumption that parameter values support FDI to be profitable.     

Controlled Openness and Foreign Direct Investment

The paper investigates why a developing country may adopt a partial reform. A country is considered where the ruling elite (referred to as state capital) prevents the entry of foreign capital, and taxes the private sector before reform. A higher productivity of foreign capital always increases the attractiveness of a partial reform under which state capital can control the inflow of foreign capital, but can reduce the attractiveness of a full reform under which the entry of foreign capital is unregulated. Hence, state capital's control over foreign capital may be a necessary condition for the reform to take place at all.     

Labor Training and Foreign Direct Investment

Evidence shows that most foreign direct investment (FDI) flows from developed to developed countries (North–North) in skilled labor‐intensive industries. This paper builds a model that incorporates labor training into the proximity–concentration tradeoffs to analyze the entry mode of multinationals to a foreign country. Production requires both skilled labor and unskilled labor.. A multinational pursuing FDI needs to provide training to some workers in the host country to equip them with skills that are specific to the production of the firm. Labor training and skill specificity lead to contract friction. It is shown that in skilled labor‐intensive industries, FDI increases along with the economic development level of the host country, whereas in unskilled labor‐intensive industries, the reverse is true. This paper provides a theoretical explanation for the empirical findings on the prevalence of North–North FDI in skilled labor‐industries and North–South FDI in unskilled labor‐intensive industries.     

Foreign Direct Investment and Contract Enforcement

A long-standing deterrent to foreign direct investment in developing countries is weak enforcement of binding contracts. A local firm may learn business skills from a cooperating multinational firm and subsequently do business on its own based on the acquired skills. In a two-period, double-moral-hazard model, non-binding contracts are shown to be preferred by all parties, implying that contract enforcement is unnecessary. Our results shed light on the puzzling phenomenon that substantial FDI has been carried out under contractual arrangements in developing countries in which contract enforcement is problematic. They can also explain some interesting stylized facts on contractual joint ventures between multinationals and local firms in the early stage of an economic transition.J. Comp. Econom.,December 1998, 26(4), pp. 761–782. School of Business, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; and Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong.     

外商直接投资与金融创新

改革开放20多年以为，中国与世界经济一体化迅速加快，而外商直接投资已经成为中国经济快速增长的关键因素之一。外商直接投资促进了所有制结构多元化的变迁，对中国经济制度的市场化变革提供了持续的推动力。虽然我国金融市场化改革取得了很大成就，但是金融结构和金融制度安排并没有发生实质性的变化。随着中国加入WTO，外商直接投资的深度与广度将得到很大发展，这将推动我国金融结构的金融制度安排和创新。     

Regional Blocs and Foreign Direct Investment

The paper examines the impact of the emergence of regional blocs on the patterns of interbloc and intrabloc trade when firms have the option to engage in foreign direct investment (FDI). For exogenously given external tariffs, when firms have the option to engage in FDI, all interbloc trade may cease—complete trade diversion that is replaced by interbloc FDI investment creation. In such an event the volume of world trade declines but this is more than offset by the increase in world output due to direct investment. The paper also investigates the optimal tariff that a trading bloc levies on imports from nonmember countries. The tariffs are restricted by the option to engage in two‐way direct investment; hence, the regional blocs are hampered from mutually harming one another through an escalation in the tariff war. Finally, the formation of two regional blocs enhances the welfare of all countries.     

Market Structure and Foreign Direct Investment

During the last decade the extent of inward foreign direct investment (FDI) in the US has increased dramatically. An important aspect of industries where most FDI takes place is their high level of concentration. This paper investigates how strategic interactions among domestic and foreign producers influence the structure of the industry. Especially, it focuses on the foreign firms' choice between exporting versus servicing these markets by investing in a plant located in the host country when facing competition from a domestic oligopoly. The empirical investigation reveals that the relationship between FDI and tariffs is not as simple as previously thought. In highly concentrated industries, where strategic behavior may play an important role, high tariffs rather than low tariffs may lead to less FDI and more imports.