抗日战争时期陕甘宁边区的减租减息

抗日战争时期,根据阶级关系的变化,我党在陕甘宁边区及敌后各抗日根据地,把没收地主阶级的土地政策改变为减租减息的土地政策。这一政策转变,对于调动广大农民群众抗日和生产的积极性,团结社会各阶层,巩固扩大统一战线,保卫边区,战胜日本帝国主义起了极其重大的作用。今天认真学习研究这一问题,对于了解陕甘宁边区的政治、经济状况,深入理解一切从实际出发,实事求是,理论联系实际的党的思想路线都具有重大的意义。     

战后初期中共中央土地政策的变动及原因——着重于文献档案的解读

战后中共中央的土地政策经历了一连串令人眼花缭乱的频繁变动。战后开始至1946年3月是坚持既往的减租减息政策;1946年3月下旬开始同意在减租减息基础上加上反奸清算斗争;1946年5月初发出支持农民通过减租减息反奸清算直接从地主手中获得土地的"五四指示";1946年7月下旬后又提出更重视农村统一战线的公债购地政策主张并着手试点;1947年3月延安被占领后又全面转向剥夺地主土地的激进土改政策,最后又于当年年底通过"纠偏"回调政策,甚至于次年初下令停止了新区的土改。这里面每一步政策变动,都和中共中央对当时内外形势的估计判断、其自身政治理念、经验教训的总结有关,和他们对争取中间派与争取根据地农民孰先孰后、孰轻孰重的政治考量有关,同时更是和地方党及其基层组织的态度、做法所带来的影响有关。     

山东抗日根据地财经工作述要

山东抗日根据地独居一省,是联系华北、华中的枢纽,战略地位十分重要。在山东抗日根据地创建、巩固和发展的过程中,财经工作取得了显著成绩,积累了丰富经验,值得深入探讨。 一 抗战爆发后,中共山东省委在全省范围内分区发动抗日武装起义,组织武装,打击敌伪,为根据地的建立奠定了基础。一九三九年三月,罗荣桓率八路军115师主力部队奉命入鲁,进一步开辟和扩大了根据地。到一九四○年七月,全省已有66县建立了民主政权,并逐步形成冀鲁边、清河(一九四四年初与冀鲁边合并为渤海区)、鲁西(一九四一年划归冀鲁豫)、鲁中、胶东、鲁南、滨海等战略区,成为抗击日本帝国主义侵略的重要战场。     

写在《江南论坛》创刊60周年之际

《江南论坛》具有悠久的历史和光荣的传统。她的前身是1939年5月中共东路特委在无锡梅村创办的《江南》半月刊。《江南》半月刊是一本宣传抗日的综合性政治理论期刊,具有很强的指导性、权威性和可读性,在江南抗日游击区有着广泛的政治影响。当年,她作为党的重要舆论阵地之一,对动员和鼓舞江南民众奋起抗日,促进抗日民族统一战线和抗日民主根据地的巩固与发展,作出了卓越的历史贡献。     

你的幸福市场在哪里？

“先取势，后取利”，再造“市场格局”。 当年，八路军第一次出师抗日之时，毛泽东就说：“我们就是要插杨柳，让老母鸡下蛋。立足自己，吃饱了饭再说”。他明确的指出，八路军的任务就是在华北敌后发动和组织人民群众，建立敌后抗日根据地。     

试论抗战时期陕甘宁边区的特殊土地问题

陕甘宁边区是第二次国内革命战争时期,中国共产党领导的陕甘边革命根据地与陕北革命根据地。一九三五年十月,中共中央和毛泽东、周恩来、朱德等率领中央红军到达陕北后,成为革命的中心根据地。一九三七年抗日民族统一战线建立后,改称为陕甘宁边区。共辖陕北18县、陇东6县及宁夏东南部2县共26个县。总面积12. 9万多平方公里,人口约200万。清涧、葭县等老根据地开活了轰轰烈烈的土地革命运动,没收了地主的土地,改变了土地占有关系。但尚有米脂、绥德、庆阳、合水、镇原、宁县、正宁等约占边区二分之一的地区,尚未开展土地分配。在这些尚未分配土地的区域,土地仍然高度集中在地主、富农手里。如米脂县印斗乡九保,各阶级土地占有状况如表(一)     

百尺竿头 更进一步——为《江南论坛》复刊10周年而作

一今年是《江南论坛》复刊10周年。《江南论坛》的前身是创办于1939年的《江南》半月刊,是由中国共产党东路特委以无锡各界联合会名义在无锡梅村综合性政治理论刊物。那时,正值抗日烽火燃遍祖国大地、中华民族处于生死存亡的关键时刻。从它诞生的那天起,就在叶飞、谭震林等老一辈无产阶段革命家领导之下,为完成坚持抗日、巩固抗日民族统一战线和发展、巩固苏南地区抗日民主根据地等任务发挥了十分重要的作用。它“在抗战时期革命出版史上留下了令人难忘的一页”。1993年,沉寂多年的《江南》半月刊在时任全国人大副委员长叶飞将军和一些新四…     

简论抗战时期晋冀鲁豫边区的减租减息运动

抗战时期,在中国共产党的领导下,为建立和巩固抗日民族统一战线,晋冀鲁豫边区开展了轰轰烈烈的减租减息运动.本文就其减租减息运动的历史背景、发展阶段和时代意义等问题略作探析.     

简论抗战时期晋冀鲁豫边区的减租减息运动

抗战时期,在中国共产党的领导下,为建立和巩固抗日民族统一战线,晋冀鲁豫边区开展了轰轰烈烈的减租减息运动.本文就其减租减息运动的历史背景、发展阶段和时代意义等问题略作探析.     

农业现代化与深化农村土地制度改革

对新中国成立以来农村土地制度改革反思得出两点认识:一是实现农业现代化不只是科学技术问题,也与农村土地制度改革相联系。二是已经历的几次农村土地制度改革目标设定单一化,没有从坚持土地集体所有性质和发展现代农业相统一的要求来推进土地制度改革。实现农业现代化要处理好三个关系:坚持土地集体所有性质与充分调动农民积极性的关系;充分调动农民生产积极性与推进土地规模经营的关系;推进土地规模经营与农民在生产中主体地位的关系。深化农村土地制度改革要解决好两大问题:赋予农民更多的财产权利,调动农民积极性;创新农业生产经营主体,转变农业生产方式,为规模经营提供体制保障。     

Health, Wealth, Fertility, Education, and Inequality

The authors use a new cross-country dataset to estimate the strength of the links between different dimensions of social and economic development, including indicators of health, fertility, and education, as well as material wellbeing. This differs from previous studies in employing data for different income groups in each country in order to provide direct evidence on factors driving inequality, and in using a unique measure of material wellbeing that does not rely on PPP comparisons.     

Vicarelli,Keynes, and the unstable nexus between investment,liquidity, and finance

The goal of this article is to reconstruct Keynes’s vision of the unstable nexus between investment, liquidity and finance, as set out by the Italian economist Fausto Vicarelli (1936–1986). As argued in the article, one of Vicarelli’s main contributions consists of explaining the inherent instability of financially sophisticated capitalist economies in terms of the interaction (and double dissociation) between investment, saving, and stock-holding decisions, within a Keynesian framework characterized by the presence of fundamental uncertainty. While Vicarelli’s interpretation of Keynes is best understood in the context of the post-Keynesian literature, its relevance goes beyond that, as its sheds light on current issues related to the post-2008 financial crisis and its policy implications.     

Private information, money, and growth: Indeterminacy, fluctuations, and the Mundell-Tobin effect

We introduce an informational asymmetry into an otherwise standard monetary growth model and examine its implications for the determinacy of equilibrium, for endogenous economic volatility, and for the relationship between steady-state output and the rate of money growth. Some empirical evidence suggests that, for economies with low initial inflation rates, permanent increases in the money growth rate raise long-run output levels. This relationship is reversed for economies with high initial inflation rates. Our model predicts this pattern. Moreover, in economies with high enough rates of inflation, credit rationing emerges, monetary equilibria become indeterminate, and endogenous economic volatility arises.     

Complementarity, growth, and trade

We consider an endogenous growth model with international trade in complementary capital goods. The model possesses several distinct, balanced growth solutions, which we classify using stability under adaptive learning. Some of the equilibria can involve growth rates much higher than others. We show that, in addition to a small (usually positive) effect on a given equilibrium, an expansion in trade may sometimes yield a much larger, sudden jump in growth. The small effect on the initial equilibrium may reduce growth if the opportunity cost of capital rises very fast as growth accelerates. JEL Classification: F12, F15, O41
Complémentarité, croissance, et commerce international. Les auteurs utilisent un modèle de croissance endogène en présence de commerce international de biens capitaux complémentaires. Le modèle possède plusieurs solutions de croissance équilibrée distinctes que les auteurs classifient en utilisant des mesures de stabilité avec apprentissage adaptatif. Certains de ces équilibres peuvent impliquer des taux de croissance plus élevés que d'autres. Il appert qu'une expansion du commerce international, en plus d'avoir un petit effet (habituellement positif) sur un équilibre donné, peut parfois engendrer une augmentation plus forte et soudaine de la croissance. Le petit effet sur l'équilibre initial peut réduire la croissance si le coût d'opportunité du capital augmente rapidement à proportion que la croissance accélère.     

Ecosystems,externalities, and economies

This paper incorporates an ecosystem model into a model of a simple economy. The decisionmaking agents in the ecosystem are individual organisms aggregated to the species level. A species may provide utility directly to humans, or it may provide utility indirectly because it is used either as a raw material in goods fabrication or as sustenance for other species. We describe a comparative static equilibrium of the ecosystem where species' demands for other species are equal to the supplies of those other species, and energy is conserved. The ecosystem is then embedded in the economy so that the effects of human intervention can be traced through both the ecosystem and the economy. Human intervention creates ecosystem externalities such that ecosystem equilibria are shifted and the new equilibria affect the utility or the production processes of other humans. This framework allows us to describe in principle which ecosystem services can be efficiently usurped by humans, which waste flows can be efficiently allowed into ecosystems, and which ecosystem organisms and physical attributes can be efficiently maintained.     

Anarchy, efficiency, and redistribution

This paper develops a contractarian theory of the state and the existence of redistribution. The existence of rules of redistribution is explained without any recourse to the risk-aversion of agents. No veil of ignorance is needed. This avoids obligational problems inherent in most other contractarian theories of justice. Hence, this paper departs from the standard legitimization of redistribution as fundamental insurance and interprets it as stemming from a principle of reciprocity in trade. Since this paper deals with an anarchic society, the implementation of redistributional rules is constrained by the assumption of self-enforcement. We show that this assumption changes the interpretation of the state: the state is characterized by a particular design of equilibrium strategies, not by the existence of enforcement agencies.     

Min, Max, and Sum

This paper provides characterization theorems for preferences that can be represented by U(x₁, …, x_n)=min{x_k}, U(x₁, …, x_n)=max{x_k}, U(x₁, …, x_n)=∑ u(x_k), or combinations of these functionals. The main assumption is partial separability, where changing a common component of two vectors does not reverse strict preferences, but may turn strict preferences into indifference. We discuss applications of our results to social choice. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C0, D1, D6.