Science-to-Business collaborations: A science-to-business marketing perspective on scientific knowledge commercialization

Exchange between science and industry is a prerequisite for innovation (Kaufmann & Tödtling, 2001; Pittaway, Robertson, Munir, Denyer & Neely, 2004) and has attracted considerable interest to the role of relationships and interactions in the process of bringing ideas to the market and commercializing knowledge ( and ; Story, Hart & O'Malley, 2009). Despite enormous government financing, artificially supporting the development of such collaborative partnerships has proved difficult. This study extends industrial marketing's B-2-B model by looking at public sector participants in collaborations in order to examine the process of establishing scientific–knowledge–commercialization collaborations. It is based on 82 interviews in 17 collaborative-research projects in both Ireland and Germany. The findings suggest that retention is a catalyst for improving established collaborations to facilitate the commercialization of scientific knowledge through repeated projects. Retention results from loyal collaborators. Collaborators become loyal and committed because they are content with the overall relationship, commercialization service and quality. It is fundamental that all collaborators understand each other's roles and motive as incongruities hamper the development of productive collaborations. In addition, universities need to develop a greater appreciation of the role of satisfaction. Overall, the study shows the importance of repeat collaborations and the development of mutual benefits which facilitate scientific knowledge commercialization. The study also demonstrates how contextual differences impact on scientific knowledge commercialization in both Ireland and Germany.     

规范运作健康发展

1.追求管理规范化 近年来,华银电力坚持不懈地持续抓好公司的规范运作.股东大会、董事会、监事会和经理各司其职,互相协调,互相制衡,为公司快速持续健康地发展提供了保证.公司信息披露有关责任人各司其职,程序到位,工作进一步规范.投资管理办法更趋成熟和完善,各项重大投资部在事前做出实事求是的可研报告,由专家咨询,集体讨论决定,坚持了科学和慎重决策的原则.     

Divergent and convergent logic of firms: Barriers and enablers for development and commercialization of innovations

This paper describes and discusses similarities and differences in the priorities, interests, and interactional goals of companies involved in the development and commercialization of innovation. We refer to such priorities, interests, and interactional goals as the logic of firms, and point to how differences among companies in these regards may enable or inhibit the development and commercialization of innovation. A case study in drug development, from a Taiwanese biopharmaceutical, illustrates two types of innovations: generic and novel drug development. Findings suggest how logic places focus on how certain actors may be more motivated toward innovation, but also on how the logic portrayed by actors can promote certain types of innovations (in this case generic ones), while inhibiting others (novel innovations). The paper concludes that companies need to have convergent logic (i.e. have the same priorities and similar or complementary interests and interaction goals) if an innovation process is to be successful. The focus on priorities, interests, and interactional goals of companies in innovation processes complements previous research that has primarily focused on the actual interaction, not what motivates it. The construct of shared logic nets as a means of analyzing convergent logic and gaps between different types of logic help to understand enablers and barriers to innovation.     

"不经济储量"的开发及经营模式探讨

我国油气储量中约有四分之一为“不经济储量”。这些储量在传统经营模式下经济效益不理想。然而,国内外的经验表明,只要改善经营模式,采取适当的经济政策和先进适用的技术,“不经济储量”的开发是可以大有作为、为保障国家石油供应安全做出巨大贡献的。为此,对构建适应“不经济储量”开发的小油公司经营模式提出几点原则建议：1)在经营模式上采取油田企业控股的股份制模式,同时积极吸收省、市、地方企业法人参股,从体制上解决好油田与地方的利益分配关系,建立适应“油区”市场经济的双赢模式;2)树立市场化经营理念,借助外脑、外力、外资促进发展,通过市场竞争、公开招标,将钻井、作业和油田建设工程承包给中标的油田企业施工队伍来完成;3)加强内部财务管理;4)建立弹性开放、市场取向的人才管理机制;5)大力开发和引进先进适用技术;6)在成功开发国内“不经济储量”的基础上,实施国际化经营战略;7)国家给予政策支持并加强监管。     

The commercialization of user innovations: the development of the rodeo kayak industry

In this study, we analyze the commercialization process of user innovations in open communities. We have traced 16 cases of user innovators who have commercialized their own innovations or have been involved in the commercialization process to some extent. By developing and manufacturing new products, the user innovators in our sample created a fast-growing community. They used low-cost manufacturing techniques and were able to start a new industry before established manufacturers could enter the market. The transformation process from a user innovation community to a commercial and manufacturing community brought about a number of major changes. In this paper, we track those changes as: the motives for innovating, the community size and characteristics, the type of innovation, the type of assistance and the disclosure of information, the form of communication, and competition between innovating users.     

流域水电开发与梯级电厂运营面临的问题及对策

流域梯级滚动开发是发展水电的重要途径。当前发电厂极度负债经营的状况,要求企业有一个科学合理的定位,规范操作,科学管理,超前策划,方能步入流域流动开发与梯极电厂运营的良性轨道。     

Operation flood: impacts and issues

This article investigates whether Operation Flood - the Indian dairy programme supported by the WFP, the EEC and other international donor agencies - has achieved its objectives of enhancing dairy production in India while also offering poor and landless farmers a chance to participate in dairying. Detailed empirical work on the project did not confirm the grand claims made for Operation Flood as a success story of global significance. In particular, conclusions are highlighted with regard to Operation Flood's impact on India's dependency on foreign (EEC) deliveries of skim milk powder; India's domestic dairy production; the incomes of participating farmers; existing informal dairy production and marketing; the nutritional levels in rural areas; and the position of rural women. Various options for the future are outlined.     

Networks for the commercialization of innovations: A review of how divergent network actors contribute

Successful commercialization is of great importance to innovative firms, and the recent literature has increasingly acknowledged that networks make a contribution not only to research and development but also to commercialization. However, research on networks facilitating the commercialization of innovations is scattered across divergent disciplines. A single company is rarely capable of generating successful diffusion in the commercialization of an innovation; success often requires cooperation between individual actors and organizations, and support from stakeholders. Consequently, the network aspect of commercialization is crucial. The aim of this study is thus to integrate the knowledge on how current research and business has employed the network approach in commercialization, and how contributors external to the innovator firm can facilitate the commercialization of innovations. On the basis of an extensive metatheoretical literature review and a qualitative and quantitative content analysis on articles linking networks explicitly to commercialization, this study produces a conceptual synthesis on network actors' contribution potential to commercialization. The analysis identified divergent network approaches to commercialization and gathered extant knowledge on “commercialization networks” from the multidisciplinary literature of innovation management, marketing, management, technology, entrepreneurship, and other relevant disciplines. Networks for commercialization have been linked to divergent network approaches, such as industrial networks, social networks, strategic networks, and entrepreneurship networks. According to the findings, customers and users, distributors, complementaries, suppliers, investors, associations, public organizations, and policy makers and regulators can support commercialization by performing practical commercialization tasks, facilitating innovation adoption/diffusion and creating markets. We also identified four modes of contribution. In terms of methods, qualitative research dominates current examinations on the topic while longitudinal research and investigations from multiple network actors' perspectives are almost absent. The results also indicate a need to develop coherent conceptualizations and accumulate knowledge that would strengthen the theoretical basis of the research. A pivotal contribution of this article is that it is the first to generate an integrative framework and a research agenda on networks for commercialization — a theme that is emergent, multifaceted, and crucial to innovative companies.     

Innovation strategies for successful product and process commercialization in Government R&D

This study examines the rate at which product and process innovations emerging from Government R&D have been commercialized by the Irish dairy industry. Success rates for both product and process commercialization, which are high by international standards, were found. The study identifies two criteria which appear to influence success and failure. Some product and process differences were found and the data suggest that a user dominated innovation strategy may be best for products, while a technology dominated strategy appears to be best for process innovations. Remarkably high rates for product success can be achieved in Government R&D provided industry activates the R&D. On the other hand R&D activation by research staff, without any industry involvement in the conduct of the R&D, appears to have a very poor chance of success. However, research staff can activate and achieve high success rates, particularly for process innovations, provided industry involvement in the R&D is secured.     

发展战略要脱胎于经营实际

●“三制三统一”工作思路●“三化一例外”管理原则● “一主四业”战略　　按照党的十五届五中全会提出的“深化电力体制改革，逐步实行厂网分开、竞价上网，健全合理的电价形成机制”的精神，适应“打破垄断，引入竞争，改善服务，提高效率，降低电价，促进发展”的改革潮流，联系湖北电网的实际，湖北省电力公司提出了“三制三统一”工作思路，“三化一例外”管理原则，“一主四业”战略。“三制三统一”工作思路重在体制创新、机制创新，“三化一例外”管理原则重在管理创新，“一主四业”战略是发展目标，三者构成湖北省电力公司新的…     

浅析服装虚拟经营的供应商开发

随着供应链管理理论和实践的发展,供应商管理已成为企业采购管理的核心内容。本文结合服装虚拟经营的发展,提出产品供应商开发的原则、方法,并深入分析供应商实地考察的注意事项。     

把握发展趋势 赢得生产经营主动性

2011年是我国钢铁行业实施“十二五”规划的开局之年,同时也是为深入贯彻落实科学发展观、加快结构调整、转变发展方式、不断增强核心竞争力奠定基础的重要的一年。面对目前铁矿石对外依存度较高且受制于人、资源能源环境压力增大、企业盈利水平较低等不利形势,钢铁企业更应充分认识和把握目前钢铁行业的发展趋势,以便更好地赢得生产经营主动性。     

虚拟企业组建与运行的研究现状及发展趋势

从虚拟企业的应用角度出发,系统地阐述了虚拟企业组建前提、建立程序、过程模型以及虚拟企业运行机制等领域的研究现状,指出为了更好地促进虚拟企业的运行,应对以下问题进行研究:如何对市场变化作出快速反应;合作伙伴间契约的设计;如何评价虚拟企业的运行绩效和优化体系结构。     

作业成本法与作业基础管理

信息是管理决策的基础和前提。面对瞬息万变的市场 ,准确及时的内部信息是企业家决策的命脉。改进企业信息发生机制 ,提供更加准确的决策信息是会计工作永恒的使命之一。因此 ,作为会计工作的实践者 ,主持人认为会计工作者要不断探索新的方法 ,为企业管理决策提供真实、及时的信息 ,从而为企业的生存和发展提供供可靠的基础支持。     

企业社会责任弹簧模型及其作用机理研究

近年来,企业社会责任受到越来越多的关注。本文认为企业社会责任已经成为可持续发展的要求,提出企业社会责任与社会责任期望之间存在的三个相关性假设。在此基础上,本文构建了企业社会责任弹簧模型,并从发展趋势和实践效果两个角度对企业社会责任的作用机理进行了详细分析。基于分析结论,本文提出企业在社会责任实践中要实现三个结合:与顾客价值相结合,与企业价值相结合,与企业目标相结合,使得企业社会责任成为推动可持续发展的重要力量。     

河道与城市防洪

当河道发生超标准洪水时,应将超出河道设计流量的洪水引出,蓄存于适当地点。待河道洪水退后,再回归河道,以免河道自然决口,造成较大的淹没损失。城市防洪应重视规划,搞好河道清障,河道美化不能影响行洪。     

海外油气项目经营风险经济临界值研究

以利比亚作为示例,分析了伊朗、伊拉克、叙利亚等10个油气投资热点地区油田项目的经济临界值.针对外国石油公司不同的预期内部收益率,主要分析了油价临界值、1 Mt/a产能投资临界值、单井经济产量临界值等指标.在外国石油公司预期内部收益率为12％时,10国油田项目油价临界值为68美元/桶左右,1 Mt/a产能投资临界值为5.15亿美元左右,单井产量经济临界值为910桶/d左右.同一类型的合同模式,具体的合同条款和财税制度不同,将直接影响到外国石油公司在油田项目中的油价、投资和单井产量经济性的差异.油价临界值的经济性与合同条款的优越程度呈正相关,1 Mt/a产能投资临界值与合同条款的优越程度相关性较弱,单井经济产量临界值与合同条款优越程度的相关性不大.     

长庆油田井下作业用户满意度评价的发展研究与应用

对长庆油田采油二处井下作业系统开展用户满意度调查的历史状况进行了剖析总结,在引进评价模型的基础上,提出了适用于长庆采油二处井下作业系统的用户满意度测评体系,并进行了具体运用.