Satellite data networks for national development

This article assesses the telecommunications needs of developing countries and the possibility of using satellite communications to meet those needs. Three primary technological factors provide a guide to this application: small inexpensive satellite earth stations can provide a solution to the problem of limited ground facilities; satellites can operate in a broadcast and multiple acess mode as well as in a conventional point- to-point mode; and, the capacity required to support a single interactive digital terminal is about 1000 times less than that required to support a voice telephone and abput 1 000 000 times less than that required for video transmission. These factors lead to consideration of new forms of national networks based on satellites, microprocessors and small earth stations which do not follow the North American model. These new advanced forms of networks can co-exist with conventional voice networks, and can provide a realistic alternative for consideration by national telecommunications authorities.     

Managing information technology

Information technology refers to the information acquisition, processing, storage, retrieval and transmission equipment made possible by the convergence of computer and communications technologies. The current predilection for office automation has been generated by this merger. The manager currently uses early generations of information technology to accomplish his or her objectives. However, the rate of technological change made possible by new developments in computers and telecommunications presents the manager with the challenge of managing information technology rather than being managed by information technology.     

Race,ethnicity, and telecommunications policy issues of access and representation: Centering communities of color and their concerns

This paper examines how and why activist groups representing marginalized communities of color are increasingly engaging in communications technology policy issues, particularly in relation to issues of digital access and representation. It explores three distinct but related case studies to disentangle the issues and concerns of a range of communities of color, and the challenges and opportunities for their advocates in navigating the highly technical communications technology policy arena: the first case study, which centers on the NAACP's original opposition to net neutrality, reveals the primacy of issues surrounding the “digital divide” to populations of color, and the difficulties of engaging in technical conversations surrounding Internet governance when issues of access persist. Meanwhile, the second case reviews the campaign by Free Press to promote set-top box liberalization as an issue of representation and diversity to both policymakers and citizens. The final case, which examines the work of the Tribal International Carrier to build an alternative internet service network for Native populations, highlights the precarity which organizations must strategically navigate in order to mitigate the influence of both the state and large corporations over Internet policy issues in order to both serve and represent their constituents. In all, this paper presents and extends upon a novel approach to communications policy research, foregrounding the need to integrate critical race frameworks and, relatedly, to center the breadth, depth, and lived experiences of communities of color, which can therein facilitate more inclusive digital media and communication environments and policy structures.     

A communications plan for Mexico: Opportunity for recovery

On the basis of the current state of development of the Mexican telecommunications network, a plan is proposed to expand the national communications infrastructure on the lines of the effort demonstrated in the transmission of the Olympic Games in 1968. The author describes the organisational structure of communications services in Mexico and assesses their impact on the national economy through import and export activities. He then proposes a set of policies and strategies and suggests priorities on which immediate action should be taken. He concludes with an examination of long-term forecasting for telephone, telex and television.     

The effect of the digital economy on services exports competitiveness and ternary margins

In the era of the digital economy, improving the level of information and communications technology (ICT) development is an important measure for achieving the high-quality development of the services exports. This study constructs a comprehensive development index for the digital economy based on the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Statistics Database (UCTADstat) to calculate the services exports competitiveness of 75 countries (regions) around the world from 2010 to 2019 and conducts ternary margin decomposition. The study empirically verifies that the digital economy promotes the competitiveness of services exports, not only driving intensive growth of quantity margin and price margin but also enhances the expansion growth of category margin. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that the effect of the digital economy on improving low- and middle-income countries' services exports competitiveness and industries with low ICT intensity is more significant than that of high-income countries and high ICT-intensity industries. The impact of the digital economy on the ternary margin of countries’ different income levels and ICT-intensity sample groups exhibits differentiated estimation results. The conclusions of this study provide novel explanations regarding the effects of the digital economy in improving services exports competitiveness and new perspectives and evidence for strategic policymaking.     

基于印能捷流程的数据流控制模板的建立

现代印刷生产在数字化信息处理和计算机控制技术的推动下,正在采用数字化生产流程进行印刷产业的新变革。印刷数字化工作流程不仅通过印刷图文信息、的数字化改变了传统印前、印刷工艺的面貌,而且通过数字化的图文信息数据流控制,改变了传统印刷生产的信息组织与传递,为印刷工业发展带来新的机遇与挑战。本文以印能捷数字化工作流程为基础,重点研究数字化印前流程中数据流的控制方法,并根据实际生产要求,采用理论分析和实验验证相结合的方式,通过设置各种不同格式及内容的文件,解析了数据流传递与控制的关键节点、参数设置与优化,建立了一套模式化的、简单易用的数据流控制模板,实现了印刷数据流在整个印前流程中准确顺畅的传递。研究成果对印刷企业应用数字化生产流程提升印刷质量,提高生产效率具有很好的理论指导作用和实际应用价值。     

How disruptive is 5G?

The hypothesis is put forward that, after three decades of stability, there is now the prospect of significant change in the vertical and horizontal structure of the mobile market place. On the supply side, significant factors are, first, the availability of a new and very powerful form of mobile connectivity in the shape of 5G, and second, software defined networking, which allows a single network to provide a variety of heterogeneous services or ‘slices’. On the demand side, the digital transformation of the whole economy (and not just the communications sector) creates the need for diverse communications functions operating in a universe with a much wider set of digitally transformed services.Mobile operators will find themselves contesting customer relationship with firms or other organisations providing these services in an integrated fashion, and thus risk replacing their direct link with end users with becoming the wholesale supplier of an expanded but ‘commoditised’ communications product. We may also observe fewer radio access networks; more competitive backhaul; and the (partial) vertical disintegration of mobile network operators. The regulatory changes implied may include heavier regulation of fewer RANs, and the need for market analyses to confront situations in which network operators sell more and more of their services to a variety of heterogeneous content and application providers – some of them exercising substantial levels of market power.     

Mid-entry technology strategy: the Korean experience with CDMA

Mid-entry strategy is an R&D strategy designed for an efficient utilisation of scientific and technological resources across the nations. It chooses the entry point of R&D projects in the mid-stage of technical development. The technological situation of developing countries compels them to choose the mid-entry strategies tailored to specific technologies. The development of the CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) based digital cellular mobile communication system by ETRI, Korea's government-sponsored research institute, is an example showing the application of this strategy. ETRI utilised scientific resources owned by US based Qualcomm Ltd and co-operated with local companies for the development. In the first half of 1996 the successful commercialisation of the CDMA digital cellular telephone service was launched in Korea, ahead of all other countries. Two Korean mobile communications providers have adopted the system.     

How do standards committees affect the success of a standard? Comparative analysis of RCS and VoLTE and proposed hybrid standards development model of open and bandwagon approaches

Standards have become enablers of complex digital systems that provide a foundation for the present-day digital economy. While existing literature analyzes the factors behind the dominance of one standard over another, there has been little focus on the standards committees that define the standards. This study comparatively analyzes the case of the Rich Communication Services (RCS) and Voice over LTE (VoLTE) standards to examine the characteristics of standards committees. The findings provide lessons learned for standards committees, including non-tiered open membership, and sufficient depth of specifications. Most importantly, a new model is proposed for standards development, based on which the standards committee focuses on technical specifications with open membership, while industry consortia focus on commercial profiling of the technical specifications with the lead of influential players. The new model is expected to resolve the tradeoff between the development speed and stability of communications standards.     

基于FPGA的数字存储示波表

介绍了一种基于FPGA的数字存储示波表的设计原理与实现,它涵盖数字存储示波器和数字万用表2种常用的仪器仪表,以高速数据采集术为基础,以FPGA为控制核心,以PXI总线接口完成数据传输,最终实现示波器以及万用表等功能。该示波表由预处理电路,A/D转换电路,SDRAM,FPGA,PXI接口芯片等组成。实际测试表明,该示波表工作稳定,性能良好。     

电子商务中的安全技术

系统介绍了电子商务采用的对称加密、非对称加密的加密技术 ;基于数字信封、数字证书、数字签名的网络信息安全传输技术 ;SSL ,SET两种主要协议和 CA中心的应用。并对 EDI的安全进行了描述。结合国内情况提出了安全地开展电子商务的相关事宜     

An in-depth analysis of the entrepreneurship of rural Chinese mothers and the digital inclusive finance

Rural mothers' entrepreneurial behavior is critical to promoting inclusive rural economic development. However, these women are constrained by family responsibilities, economic substandard and severe financial exclusion. Fortunately, the development of digital inclusive finance has successfully broken such exclusions, thus allowing entrepreneur mothers to achieve some financial success. Applying the 2017 China General Social Survey and the Peking University Digital Inclusive Finance Index, this paper explores the impact of digital inclusive finance on rural mothers' entrepreneurship and the transmission mechanism using the Probit model. In fact, due to digital inclusive finance, rural mothers' entrepreneurship increased by 4.6%. In addition, this paper finds the impact of this digital inclusive finance on entrepreneurship, in general, is more significant on mothers in less developed areas and with high levels of education than on those in developed regions and with low levels of education. Meanwhile, using the transmission mechanism for analysis, the paper found the role of digital inclusive finance in inciting entrepreneurship among rural mothers. This mainly comes through two channels: the gender equality effect and the information learning effect.     

基于局域网的实时语音通信时延研究

在局域网中语音通信时延是影响语音质量的重要因素。为了最大限度地降低局域网中语音通信时延,提高语音质量,以采用低阶音频函数和UDP协议实现语音传输系统为基础,通过实验并分析了造成局域网中语音通信时延的主要因素,提出了在局域网中最大限度地降低实时语音通信时延的解决策略,实验数据证明,时延的分析是正确的,降低时延的策略是有效的。     

Research and development policy in the USA: Implications for satellite communications

Research and development in fields as diverse as microelectronics and space vehicles have profoundly affected the technologies of information transmission, as well as the way in which government regulates the communications and information service industries. This article focuses on R&D policy in the USA, drawing from 1984 OTA reports. The article focuses briefly on industry and universities and at greater length on government actions and policies, indicating possible implications for communication satellites.     

The use of picturephone service in a hospital

A Picturephone® two way visual communications system was operational from March 1973 to April 1976 at the Bethany-Garfield Hospital in Chicago, and achieved metered usage as high as 1800 calls per month. To assist the AT&T Marketing Department in its visual communications market exploration programme, interviews of Bethany-Garfield personnel who had access to the system were conducted. When asked to rate a number of individual features of the system, the high and medium users rated the fast access feature above all others. Thus the main reason for the high usage of the Picturephone system appears to have been less related to its visual communications feature than to its ‘hot-line’ capability to reach contacts quickly.     

Direct mail response factors for an industrial service

This article addresses the lack of quantitative research on industrial services marketing communications by providing a quantitative study of a direct mail promotion for an industrial service. Prenotification, the structure of the letter, the ethnic background of the signatory, personalization, and prequalifying the respondent were tested as factors influencing the response rate in the direct mail promotion. The results are useful as baseline information for current practitioners and to provide insights for the future development of theories of marketing communications for industrial services.     

Impact of modern communication infrastructure on productivity,production structure and factor demands of US industries: Impact revisited

This study investigates the contribution of modern communication infrastructure characterized by high speed broadband access network on the productivity growth, production structure and factor demands for US industries and for the aggregate economy. To evaluate such contribution, we modify the traditional cost function by incorporating communication infrastructure as input in production process in conjunction with other public infrastructures. The network externality and spillover effect of broadband access technology are captured by introducing broadband penetration rate as a shift factor in industry level production function. Empirical results show that the increased use of modern communications infrastructure increases the productivity of all industries with wide variations across industries. Estimated impacts on input demands show that increase in use of communications infrastructure service saves labor and materials and increase the demand for private capital. Finally, aggregate social rate of return on such investment has been estimated for policy implications.     

The multidimensional effect of financial development on trade in Africa: The role of the digital economy

The issue of how financial development affects international trade has gained much attention in the literature, both theoretical and empirical, without investigating the various transmission channels of financial development on international trade. Significantly, how the digital economy modulates the effects of financial development on trade remains unexplored. Our study addresses these research gaps using panel data from 47 African economies spanning 1990 to 2019. Our findings based on the dynamic system GMM approach show that the direct impacts of financial development and the digital economy have been crucial in driving international trade in Africa in the short and long runs. Second, in the short and long runs, the digital economy serves as a vital channel through which financial development has the most significant impact on trade in Africa. Third, the robustness checks by excluding countries endowed with natural resources in Africa provide robust evidence that digital technology and finance matter for trade. Further, the study discloses an important novelty in that the marginal effects on trade increase when financial development in Africa interacts with the digital economy. In light of these findings, we conclude that policy reforms should focus on policies that encourage the development of the digital economy and its use in the financial sector in Africa.     

数字化交付在煤化工项目中的实施及优化探讨

为探索更优的数字化交付技术架构及实施路线,提高数字化交付在煤化工项目中的应用水准,以某公司数字化交付项目为研究对象,详细梳理了三维建模、管道仪表流程图绘制、结构化文档及非结构化数据收集等方面在航天炉气化岛数字化交付项目中的实施情况,对实施方案及重点内容进行讨论,对比分析了各平台之间的优劣。结合数字化交付领域的现状,对当前煤化工产业数字化交付项目中存在的问题进行了探讨,从政策、业主、工程公司及软件平台商等方面给出了解决方法和优化建议。结果表明:1）采用PDMS,SP P&ID及其他专业技术软件支持下的AVEVA NET数字化交付平台体系架构合理,并且能够顺利完成交付实施;2）合理的实施步骤、更高的重视程度、明确的政策规范以及有效的信息传递方式可以明显改善数字化交付项目的优化效果,目前应着重提升工程公司的三维建模能力及软件商的技术水平。探讨结果不仅可以为其他企业的数字化交付工作提供借鉴,还可为实现智能工厂提供了建设思路和数据支持。     

ICT as a source of output and productivity growth in Finland

This paper analyses the impacts of information and communications technology on output and labour productivity growth in Finland in 1995–2005. Information and communications technology (ICT) accounted for 1.87 percentage points of the observed labour productivity growth at the average rate of 2.87 per cent. The contribution from increases in ICT capital intensity was 0.46 percentage points. The rest is attributed to multi-factor productivity growth in ICT production, especially in telecommunications production. The ongoing outsourcing of ICT production to low-wage countries provides a threat to productivity performance in the future. Policy makers should consider where the next wave of productivity growth will come from.