Nutrition in socioeconomic planning in LDCs

Nutrition should be seen as an integral part of the national planning effort. The author examines longterm determinants of food consumption in developing countries and shows that progress in improving nutrition is closely related to raising productivity and efficiency in the national economy. Optimum programmes in nutrition should be part of the design of appropriate social and economic development. This should be done at national and regional levels, with particular emphasis on the regional level.     

Food prices and food policy analysis in LDCs

Opinions have been polarized on the role of food prices in economic development. Structuralist analysis argues that food prices are irrelevant to long-term development, but neoclassical theorists believe that food prices may be a critical factor. This article attempts to reconcile these views, reports on the differential impacts of food prices in Indonesia and discusses the role of food prices in the policy process.     

Models for telecommunications strategy in the LDCs

Telecommunications administrators in the less developed countries are faced with a number of complex strategic policy issues. The author argues that current planning procedures do not provide an adequate aid to decision making. A more sophisticated approach is suggested based on corporate planning models and a prototype model is described in detail. Some sample applications of this model are presented to illustrate the value of the approach to specific problems, including the areas of tariff policy and the growth rate of rural telecommunications.     

Project evaluation techniques for investment in LDCs

The main focus of this article is to demonstrate how telecommunication benefits in a developing country can be measured quantitively so that they can be used as inputs in project analysis. It stems from a research study based on interviews with about 700 users of public telecommunications services in Senegal.     

New directions in food marketing policies in LDCs

In recent years governments in developing countries have become more involved in the marketing of basic foods within their countries, but the policies adopted and the structures and approaches used have reflected many weaknesses and omissions. The support given by academic institutions and international advisory and funding organizations to policy makers has often been too narrow, or only partially appropriate. In this article, the author reviews recent work on marketing and suggests some major priorities for attention in the immediate future, and some new directions that could and should be explored.     

Government and food distribution in LDCs: The Turkish experience

Opinions differ over the extent to which governments directly intervene in the actual buying and selling of food products, and thus act as intermediaries. Although private sector intermediaries continue to be the central core of the food distribution system in developing countries, the recent trend has been toward increasing government involvement. Patterns and characteristics of food distribution systems in use differ within developing countries. In this article, these differences are related systematically to the differences in the government environment, and is specifically illustrated by the situation in Turkey. Governmental factors are analyzed to show that differing food distribution practices are the result of the prevailing environmental conditions. The author also suggests that the introduction of certain food distribution insitutions, methods and techniques in developing countries is dependent upon appropriate governmental conditions.     

PPI Partnerships vs. PPI Divorces in LDCs

In the last 15 years, a variety of public private-partnerships in infrastructure have been adopted throughout the developing and transition world. Because many of these experiences are also turning sour, it seems important to separate facts from emotions. The paper argues that the wide differences in interpretations of the facts can be explained by differences in the assessment criteria used to assess the incremental effect of reforms. It is also driven by the sectors, the regions and the actors on which the analysis tends to focus.     

Telecommunications models: Planning for regional development in LDCs

The aim of telecommunications policy in the less developed countries should be to contribute to general development goals, but the links between economic development and telecommunications are not clearly understood. The authors suggest a dual approach to this problem. First, this involves the construction of models of demand based on the interaction between regional economic development and telecommunications use. Second, corporate models are required to explore the feasibility of particular supply strategies. The progress of practical work in these areas is described and includes the results of some specific research in Kenya.     

Marketing supplementary food products in LDCs: A case study in Morocco

Developing country governments as well as a number of international agencies have become directly involved in the past two decades in the production and marketing of supplementary food products. This article discusses the Moroccan government's involvement in introducing a weaning food targeted for elaborates on the factors which contributed contributedm to the failure of this and other similar ventures, while drawing attention to the important low-income Moroccan children. It role that marketing plays in launching socially desirable food products in developing country environments.     

Planning for market coordination in LDCs: The role of channel participants in improving food distribution systems

Many development planners have proposed food systems reforms that underscore the importance of coordination and/or integration of traditionally fragmented distributive institutions. However, attempts at nurturing market coordination schemes have been thwarted in part, because they have not gained the endorsement of channel participants. A planning model is suggested to consider the receptivity of channel participants to various market coordination arrangements and their ability to overcome barriers to coordination. This framework can be used to introduce selective market reforms.     

温室滴灌运行质量与管理对策

本文针对温室滴灌技术的优点和存在问题，在分析的基础上，提出了加强管理的对策。     

东北亚能源安全形势与多边能源合作

21世纪将是东北亚区域经济迅速发展的重要时期,保障区域能源安全是促进经济发展的重要因素。参照国际经验,解决东北亚区域能源安全的一个重要途径就是建立区域多边能源合作机制。目前,建立东北亚区域能源合作机制的有利条件和现实障碍共存。未来推动东北亚多边能源合作的有效路径应包括：东北亚国家积极协调能源政策,寻求共同利益;将俄罗斯远东和西伯利亚油气开发纳入东北亚多边能源合作的大框架,并以此为突破口,确定和拓展东北亚国家的共同利益;成立东北亚能源合作组织,共同解决东北亚能源安全问题。     

日本的能源政策与能源安全

2004年6月新出台的日本“基本能源政策”强调,进一步寻求能源多样化鼓励使用天然气以减缓气候变化,减少石油在能源结构中的比例以有效减少对中东石油的依赖。核电政策依然是日本能源政策的核心。目前日本已经有52个核反应堆,计划到2010年和2050年,分别再建造4个和6个新的核反应堆。为了实现《京都议定书》规定的二氧化碳减排指标,日本环境省拟对石油、煤炭、天然气和电力的使用,按照碳含量征税。但该计剐目前受到来自各方的反对。2004年2月29日成立的日本石油是然气金属矿产资源机构(JOGMEC)已从即将解散的石油公团手中接管了国家石油储备的全部管理职责。原有的8家国家石油储备公司现已实行私有化。为改善地区和国家能源安全,日本政府迫切希望建立“10 8”能源安全体系和东盟的联合石油储备。同时,还鼓励中东主要石油出口国投资于日本石油的下游业。2004年8月,沙特阿美石油,公司作为沙特国家石油公司已首次投资日本炼油厂。     

灯塔灌区实施新的运作管理模式

1998年灯塔灌区节水改造工程列入国家大型灌区首批节水改造计划,共分5期实施,至今已完成了3期.论述了改造后的灌区在运行管理方面许多新的尝试,并取得了较好的效果.     

Impact of telephone and satellite earth station installations on GDP : A model for rural areas of LDCs

Presents a method for estimating the impact on national development of installation of telecommunication facilities in rural areas of developing countries. A methodology developed by Hardy is applied to three groups of developing countries and a hypothetical rural region to estimate the impact on GDP per thin route satellite earth station installed over a ten year period. A logarithmic relationship between telephone density and impact on GDP per earth station is found, so that the impact per earth station increases with lower telephone densities. The model can be used to estimate the impact on national GDP of telephone installations and/or thin route earth stations in regions of low telephone density.     

Planning the Bakalori irrigation project

The development of the Sokoto-Rima river basin as a network of irrigation projects was first envisaged by the FAO in a report published in 1965. It is through this organ of the United Nations that the planning for agricultural development in this part of Nigeria became intimately linked with the desire of the industrial firms in Western Europe, North America and Japan to find export markets for industrial products in agriculture. By 1975, when the first contract for the irrigation project at Bakalori was signed and a company (IMPRESIT Bakalori, Nigeria) was formed, the FAO had already within it an agency (the Industry Cooperative Programme) whose purpose was to promote the penetration of agricultural planning in Africa, Asia and Latin America.     

俄罗斯能源战略与东北亚能源合作

阐述了俄罗斯对外能源战略的发展重点与中、日、韩三国的能源合作关系,认为在东北亚地区建立能源合作机制符合区内各国的共同利益.建议东北亚各国积极协调政策,共同参与俄罗斯西伯利亚和远东地区的油气资源开发;成立东北亚能源合作组织,共同解决地区能源安全问题,努力淡化地缘政治因素对东北亚能源合作的消极影响.     

无渗漏灌溉网工程与农业可持续发展

新疆地处欧亚大陆腹地 ,属于典型的干旱地区 ,人工绿洲主要分布在盆地荒漠边缘的冲积平原上 ,面积很小 ,约占新疆总面积的 4 % ,但集中了新疆人口的 95 %、社会财富的 90 %。由于长期受渗漏灌溉系统、大水漫灌和传统种植方式等因素的影响 ,绿洲土壤次生盐渍化、土壤肥力退化和沙化 ,人称“三化”现象日益严重 ,造成绿洲农业持续发展缓慢和经济效益下滑 ,生态环境日趋恶化的现状。而绿洲无渗漏灌溉网工程是绿洲农业步入高速良性持续发展的基础 ,并以此实现绿洲特色农业可持续发展战略。1　传统灌溉方式的后果传统明渠灌溉系统渗漏严重 ,是人…     

Issues and Challenges in Energy Benchmarking

近两年来国内少数石化及炼油企业通过参数与美国Ｓｏｌｏｍｏｎ管理咨询公司（ＳＡＩ）的业绩分析评估活动,直接了解到国际上烯烃生产及炼油行业的运行水平及各自企业在所属行业中所居的位次、与先进的标杆水平的差距,从而不仅为本企业提高运行业绩指明了方向和途径,也为国内石油化工行业管理与国际全面接轨确立了良好的开端。在此“入世”和融和世界经济体系之际,在引进国外先进科技知识的同时,引进先进的管理思想、理念和方法