共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
This paper provides an empirical analysis of the relative contributions of allocative and technical efficiency to the productivity
performance of European railways over the period 1972 to 1999. A stochastic frontier approach is used to analyse the cost
structure of the railway industry. We estimate a translog cost system in which allocative inefficiency is modelled through
an exact relationship between the cost share equations and the cost function. To allow the estimation of such a model using
the sample theory approach we assume that the share equation residuals represent deviations from first-order conditions and,
therefore, that they represent exclusively allocative inefficiencies. The use of this simplifying assumption renders our analysis
computationally tractable, but it could be inconsistent with the economic theory of duality and for that reason caution is
required in interpretation of results. Acknowledging this caveat, we find that European railways have experienced significant
cost increases due to inefficient behaviour, with a mean value of around 15%. In contrast to previous studies, however, our
estimates indicate a larger role for allocative inefficiency, which accounts for around of a half of the total increase in
cost inefficiency.
相似文献
Daniel J. GrahamEmail: |
2.
This study measures cost inefficiency of Kansas public school districts and applied both mathematical programming and stochastic
frontier approach. The empirical study uses two-stage data envelopment analysis model and the cost inefficiency effects model
proposed by Battese and Coelli (Empirical Economics 24:325–332, 1995) and applied to a panel data. The results found mean inefficiencies from these two models are very close. The results indicate
that Kansas school districts, on average, exhibit cost inefficiency in their operations, however, there is a tendency for
inefficiencies to decline over time. The study does not find any strong evidence for lower efficiency due to lower expenditure
per-pupil. Instead, we found inconclusive evidences where lower efficiency for certain school districts could be assigned
to unfavorable environmental cost conditions.
相似文献
John PoggioEmail: |
3.
Farrokh Nourzad 《International Advances in Economic Research》2008,14(1):25-35
This paper uses a stochastic translog production frontier to estimate technical inefficiency indices whose conditional mean
is specified as a function of FDI and its interaction with openness of the economy. The model is estimated using an annual
panel of 46 countries for the years, 1981–2001. The results suggest that increased FDI increases potential output in both
developed and developing countries with the effect being more profound in the former. It is also found that increased FDI
reduces technical inefficiencies the more open is the economy but that this effect holds only for developed economies. Thus
qualified support is found for the “Bhagwati hypothesis” as the results reveal that the efficiency–enhancing effect of FDI
depends not only on openness but also on the degree of development of the host country.
相似文献
Farrokh NourzadEmail: |
4.
Tiziana Laureti 《International Advances in Economic Research》2008,14(1):76-89
The objective of this paper is to suggest the use of a stochastic frontier model in which the inefficiency component is heteroscedastic
in the measurement of technical efficiency in Human Capital Formation in the Italian University System. The heteroscedastic
frontier model enables one to consider the effect of students’ individual characteristics and the influences of the resources
and organization of the specific faculty on efficiency. The suggested model is applied to the case of Florence University
graduates. The results show that the model specification is strongly supported by the data. Moreover, the suggested specification
explains variation in technical efficiency in terms of graduate-specific factors. The technical efficiency scores obtained
are comparable across faculties.
相似文献
Tiziana LauretiEmail: |
5.
The purpose of the paper is to examine formally the fundamental implication that technical inefficiency (TI) is related to firm exit. Traditional stochastic frontier models allow for the measurement of TI but do not allow for a direct effect of TI on exit. We propose a model which allows for such effects and consists of a stochastic frontier model, and an additional equation that describes the probability of exit as a function of covariates and TI. Since TI is unobserved, econometric complications arise, and obtaining consistent estimates is non-trivial due to the presence of integrals in the likelihood function. We propose and implement maximum likelihood estimation one step, employing data for 3,404 manufacturing firms in Greece. We find significant positive effects from TI on the probability of exit. We also propose and provide measures of TI that respect the fact that unobserved TI affects the probability of exit and compare them to TI measures from the traditional stochastic frontier model.
相似文献
Theodore A. PapadogonasEmail: |
6.
Localized innovation, localized diffusion and the environment: an analysis of reductions of CO2 emissions by passenger cars 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
We investigate technological change with regard to CO2 emissions by passenger cars, using a Free Disposal Hull methodology to estimate technological frontiers. We have a sample
of cars available in the UK market in the period 2000–2007. Our results show that the rates of technological change (frontier
movement) and diffusion (distance to frontier at the car brand level) differ substantially between segments of the car market.
We conclude that successful policies should be aimed at the diffusion of best-practice technology, and take account of the
different potential for further progress between different segments of the market (e.g. diesel vs. gasoline engines and small
vs. large engines).
相似文献
Bart VerspagenEmail: |
7.
Subal C. Khumbhakar 《Empirical Economics》2006,31(1):243-260
This paper critically examines appropriateness of the nonstandard profit function (NSPF) as a tool for measuring profit efficiency.
We show that there are some fundamental problems with the NSPF approach, the way it is currently specified and estimated.
This is true irrespective of whether technical inefficiency is included or not. Instead of estimating profit efficiency directly
from the NSPF, we suggest alternative specifications and recommend using the cost function approach and deriving profit efficiency
therefrom. Data from US banks are used to estimate the cost function and the NSPF. Results from alternative specifications
are then compared and analyzed.
相似文献
Subal C. KhumbhakarEmail: |
8.
Measuring environmental efficiency of industry: a case study of thermal power generation in India 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
M. N. Murty Surender Kumar Kishore K. Dhavala 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2007,38(1):31-50
Technical and environmental efficiency of some coal-fired thermal power plants in India is estimated using a methodology that
accounts for firm’s efforts to increase the production of good output and reduce pollution with the given resources and technology.
The methodology used is directional output distance function. Estimates of firm-specific shadow prices of pollutants (bad
outputs), and elasticity of substitution between good and bad outputs are also obtained. The technical and environmental inefficiency
of a representative firm is estimated as 0.06 implying that the thermal power generating industry in Andhra Pradesh state
of India could increase production of electricity by 6/ while decreasing generation of pollution by 6%. This result shows
that there are incentives or win–win opportunities for the firms to voluntarily comply with the environmental regulation.
It is found that there is a significant variation in marginal cost of pollution abatement or shadow prices of bad outputs
across the firms and an increasing marginal cost of pollution abatement with respect to pollution reduction by the firms.
This result calls for the use of economic instruments like pollution taxes instead of command and control regulation used
currently in India to reduce air pollution.
相似文献
M. N. MurtyEmail: |
9.
Micro-heterogeneity and aggregate productivity development in the German manufacturing sector 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
A decomposition of aggregate productivity growth of German manufacturing firms that pertain to 11 different industries at
a roughly two-digit level observed over the period 1981–1998 is performed. Productivity is measured by a nonparametric frontier
function approach. The decompositions of productivity allow for an explanation of the aggregate outcomes by the quantification
of the effect of structural change and the contributions of entering and exiting firms. Our results show that these forces
drive aggregate productivity to a considerable extent. Remarkably, the large productivity improvements after the German reunification
are mainly driven by structural change.
相似文献
Jens J. KrügerEmail: |
10.
The present paper aims at examining the role of variety in the ski manufacturing industry and its relevance in firms’ price
setting strategies. In particular, it intends to investigate and to empirically test three hypotheses concerning the relations
between: product quality and prices; variety in technical characteristics and prices; variety in service characteristics and
prices. Our empirical investigation finds that prices are positively affected by product quality and positively affected by
variety in service characteristics. This means that a high degree of product variety allows firms to charge a premium price
on consumers, who are able to find the product that best meets their needs and are therefore willing to pay a higher price.
By contrast, variety in technical characteristics negatively impacts prices. In a context where a dominant design has emerged
and new varieties are not radically different from each other, the gains in economies of scale and scope outweigh the costs
of the increased flexibility in the equipment required to produce variety.
相似文献
Marco GuerzoniEmail: |
11.
This article focuses on the multimodal character of innovation in services firms as the analytical framework by which to assess
the role of different sources and agents, ICT in particular, in enabling various impacts of innovation. The peculiarities
of service innovation require a wider approach than that observed for goods innovation, which is less focused on non-technological
aspects. An ad hoc survey was carried out in the region of Madrid to test a microeconometric and multidimensional approach
at the firm level. Specific impacts of innovation are examined by carrying out an ordered probit model with sample selection.
Results indicate a certain correspondence between the multidimensional nature of service innovation and a preliminary impact
assessment. The paper notes that ICT and clients–providers interactions are both important, acting to facilitate different
types of service innovation.
相似文献
Luis Rubalcaba (Corresponding author)Email: |
12.
The paper explores the complex relationship between technical and service characteristics discussed by the Saviotti–Metcalfe
model of innovation. It is proposed that principal components analysis (PCA) is a more appropriate method of analysing this
relationship than approaches previously used. A PCA is performed on a dataset of mobile phone handsets for the period 2003
to 2008. In addition to the relationship between technical and service characteristics, the analysis explores the existence
of clusters of ergonomic characteristics within mobile phone handsets. The findings indicate that a limited set of core technology
components underpin the large set of service characteristics offered by mobile phone handsets, and that the mapping between
technical and service characteristics can be highly complex.
相似文献
Despoina FiliouEmail: |
13.
We test the hypothesis that the sector bias of skill biased technical change is important in explaining the rising relative
wage of skilled workers in the manufacturing sector in three Central and Eastern European transition countries. The econometric
results broadly confirm that the concentration of skill biased technical change in the skill intensive sectors had a significant
effect on the skill premium in these transition countries.
相似文献
Robert Stehrer (Corresponding author)Email: |
14.
Corrado Andini 《Portuguese Economic Journal》2009,8(1):15-22
In a seminal paper, Levine et al. (J Monet Econ 46:31–77, 2000) provide cross-sectional evidence showing that financial development has positive average impact on long-run growth, using
a sample of 71 countries. We argue that the evidence is sensitive to the presence of outliers.
相似文献
Corrado AndiniEmail: |
15.
This paper examines the issue of convergence of efficiency levels among Indian public sector banks (PSBs) during the post-reforms
period spanning from 1992/1993 to 2005/2006. The empirical results indicate that the majority of PSBs have observed an ascent
in technical efficiency during the post-reforms years. Further, the inefficient PSBs have been noted to be catching up with
the efficient ones. That is, the banks with low level of efficiency at the beginning of the period are growing more rapidly
than the highly efficient banks. In sum, the study confirms a presence of convergence phenomenon in the Indian public sector
banking industry.
相似文献
Rachita GulatiEmail: |
16.
This study examines the impact of a stamp tax rate increase on market behavior, using data from two stock exchanges in China. We find that when the tax rate increases from 0.3 to 0.5% (which implies that the transaction cost increases by about 1/3) trading volume decreases by 1/3. This implies an elasticity of turnover with respect to a stamp tax of −50% and an elasticity of turnover with respect to transaction cost of −100%. The markets’ volatility significantly increases after the increase in the tax rate. Furthermore, the change in the volatility structure indicates that the markets become less efficient in the sense that shocks are less quickly assimilated in the markets.
相似文献
Badi H. Baltagi (Corresponding author)Email: |
Dong LiEmail: |
Qi LiEmail: |
17.
Wolfgang Lechthaler 《Empirica》2009,36(3):331-350
By allowing firms to invest in their workers’ human capital, this paper extends the traditional analysis of firing costs with
respect to two points, both of them positive in terms of welfare. On the one hand, firing restrictions reduce turnover, thereby
enhancing incentives to provide training. On the other hand, training gives firms the opportunity to lower the costs of firing
restrictions since well-trained workers are less likely to be fired. In this way the negative effects of firing costs on firm
profitability and workers’ job-finding rates are reduced.
相似文献
Wolfgang LechthalerEmail: |
18.
Stefan Mann 《Forum for Social Economics》2007,36(1):29-42
Social scientists are reluctant to make explicit interpersonal comparisons of well-being. However, implicit comparisons are
made on a surprisingly regular basis. These comparisons are based on the wealth and the Kaldor–Hicks concept in utility theory
and on self-reported well-being in happiness research. Taking a utilitarian stance, this paper tests the ethical foundations
of both principles. While self-reported well-being serves as an acceptable proxy for utilitarian decision-making, the Kaldor–Hicks
concept does not appear so. Implications for evaluating policies are outlined.
相似文献
Stefan MannEmail: |
19.
Thierry Aimar 《The Review of Austrian Economics》2009,22(3):199-207
The Austrian School has had a curious destiny: while contributing many concepts to contemporary economic theory, it is either
ignored or criticised by much of modern economic literature. This article discusses possible reasons for this institutional
sidelining and the main futures of a renewal of Austrian thought.
相似文献
Thierry AimarEmail: |
20.
Determinants of firm survival: a duration analysis using the generalized gamma distribution 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
We use parametric duration analysis to study the survival of Austrian firms. We find that hazard rates in both manufacturing
and services initially increase, reach a peak after the first year of operation and then decrease with age. The maximum hazard
rate is higher in services. We also find differences in hazard rates among different types of manufacturing industries distinguished
by the nature of their sunk costs, their reliance on human resources and inputs from external services. Finally, we find that
larger initial size and higher market growth, and at the same time lower net entry and declining market concentration prolong
the life of an entrant.
相似文献
Michael PenederEmail: |