浅析我国近期IPO市场发行抑价之成因及对策

IPO抑价是各国在新股发行时所普遍存在的现象.合理的IPO抑价是股票发行人与主承销商所应当给予投资者的回报,但是过高的抑价倍数将可能伤害到部分投资者的认购积极性及本次发行的融资效率.在我国,IPO抑价问题较为突出,因此,应当结合我国特殊情况进行针对性的分析,在巩固前期新股发行制度改革的基础上,进一步从估值技术、市场化定价、扩大新股供应量等多方面进行完善.     

新股发行机制、投资者乐观情绪与IPO高抑价

固定价格、累计投标询价和拍卖发行机制下的IPO抑价模型可解释我国新股发行市场长期存在的高抑价现象：散户投资者对新股发行的乐观情绪会推高二级市场的IPO交易价格,但却不能在IPO发行定价中得到完全体现。单纯通过变革新股发行机制并不能够从根本上抑制IPO高抑价产生,只有疏导散户投资者的乐观情绪才能彻底解决IPO高抑价问题,权宜之策是将散户投资者的乐观情绪嵌入IPO发行定价之中以消除IPO高抑价现象,允许散户投资者参与询价可以有效缓解这一现象,且具有可操作性。     

新股发行机制、投资者乐观情绪与IPO高抑价

固定价格、累计投标询价和拍卖发行机制下的IPO抑价模型可解释我国新股发行市场长期存在的高抑价现象:散户投资者对新股发行的乐观情绪会推高二级市场的IPO交易价格,但却不能在IPO发行定价中得到完全体现。单纯通过变革新股发行机制并不能够从根本上抑制IPO高抑价产生,只有疏导散户投资者的乐观情绪才能彻底解决IPO高抑价问题,权宜之策是将散户投资者的乐观情绪嵌入IPO发行定价之中以消除IPO高抑价现象,允许散户投资者参与询价可以有效缓解这一现象,且具有可操作性。     

投资者情绪对IPO抑价影响研究——来自深圳中小板、创业板市场的经验证据

本文运用分位数回归方法研究了我国2009年6月新股发行改革后深圳中小板、创业板市场投资者情绪对IPO抑价的影响,结果显示,新股发行改革后我国IPO抑价率依然很高;首日换手率、中签率、发行市盈率这些反映投资者情绪的指标是影响我国深圳中小板、创业板市场IPO抑价的重要因素,通过分位数回归发现我国不同分位点上IPO抑价影响因素有很大的不同。分位数回归方法能够更全面、准确地分析不同抑价程度下IPO抑价的影响因素。     

股改后我国IPO抑价的原因浅析

本文在对IPO抑价理论分析的基础上,探寻股改后造成我国A股市场新股IPO抑价的原因,结果表明我国IPO发行抑价主要与我国新股发行机制不完善、资本市场不够成熟有关。要降低新股的IPO抑价水平,需要提高新股发行的信息披露程度、增加新股发行的定价效率、规范和培育一批高质量的承销商。     

中国IPO抑价现象研究

各国股票市场都存在一定程度的IPO抑价现象,而新股发行市场化之前我国IPO抑价现象尤其严重,新股发行询价制度推行以来有所缓解。本文选取06年至11年的新股发行数据对IPO抑价现象的原因进行探究,发现市场因素、中签率、发行价格、发行市盈率、首日换手率对IPO抑价现象有较强的解释力。     

中国IPO抑价现象研究

各国股票市场都存在一定程度的IPO抑价现象,而新股发行市场化之前我国IPO抑价现象尤其严重,新股发行询价制度推行以来有所缓解。本文选取06年至11年的新股发行数据对IPO抑价现象的原因进行探究,发现市场因素、中签率、发行价格、发行市盈率、首日换手率对IPO抑价现象有较强的解释力。     

我国创业板IPO抑价实证研究

IPO抑价现象在各国普遍存在,本文从传统金融学和行为金融学的角度出发,对我国创业板市场IPO抑价现象进行实证。得出结论,认为信息不对称和投资者情绪对我国创业板市场IPO抑价现象有较强的解释力。通过对中国创业板新股发行抑价的影响因素进系统地考察,探求IPO抑价的真正原因,并对研究结果提出相应的政策建议。     

IPO发行抑价现象研究

IPO（首次公开发行）定价中的新股抑价现象是IPO发行定价中的异常现象的一种表现,一般指新股在发行市场的发行价格远远低于新股在流通市场的价格,具体表现是新股上市首日交易价大幅度上扬,超出流通价格15到30倍以上,上市首日即可获得丰厚的回报。IPO抑价在任何国家都普遍存在,但在我国抑价现象表现的更加明显。本文主要分析了IPO抑价产生的原因,以及IPO抑价产生的弊端,并查阅相关资料,得出了一些控制IPO抑价的政策建议。     

我国IPO高超募与高抑价关系模型研究

基于投资者行为的研究视角,构建IPO超募与抑价关系模型,探讨IPO抑价和IPO超募的传导机理。通过研究表明:IPO抑价UP与散户投资者对新股价值评估正相关,与机构投资者对新股价值评估负相关。IPO抑价UP与新股超募负相关,且IPO抑价和新股超募可以同时存在。最后,通过数值分析模拟证明结论。     

Do Initial Public Offering Firms Purchase Analyst Coverage with Underpricing?

We report that initial public offering (IPO) underpricing is positively related to analyst coverage by the lead underwriter and to the presence of an all‐star analyst on the research staff of the lead underwriter. These findings are robust to controls for other determinants of underpricing and to controls for the endogeneity of underpricing and analyst coverage. In addition, we find that the probability of switching underwriters between IPO and seasoned equity offering is negatively related to the unexpected amount of post‐IPO analyst coverage. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that underpricing is, in part, compensation for expected post‐IPO analyst coverage from highly ranked analysts.     

Liquidity Benefits from IPO Underpricing: Ownership Dispersion or Information Effect

The positive correlation between initial underpricing and liquidity in the secondary market several months after an initial public offering (IPO) has previously been attributed to ownership dispersion induced by underpricing. We find that public information production is another channel by which underpricing improves liquidity. Using a sample of IPOs from Euronext, we find that analyst coverage engendered by initial underpricing reduces information asymmetry costs and illiquidity in the secondary market. The impact of information asymmetry is statistically more significant on measures based on adverse selection costs than on those based on the proportion of informed traders in the market.     

The IPO and first seasoned equity sale: Issue proceeds,owner/managers' wealth,and the underpricing signal

Recent models of IPO underpricing suggest that high-quality firms underprice their IPOs to differentiate themselves from low-quality firms and, thus, receive a more favorable market response to subsequent equity offerings. We test this suggestion for 172 industrial firms that made an initial public offering during 1987–1991 and made a subsequent seasoned equity offering within three years of their IPO. We examine two measures of the impact of the hypothesized underpricing signal net of the cost of employing that signal. Inconsistent with the underpricing signal hypothesis, we find no evidence that firms recover the cost of an underpriced IPO in either higher issue proceeds or in greater wealth for the firm's initial owners.     

Underwriter reputation and IPO underpricing: The role of institutional investors in the Chinese growth enterprise market

This paper investigates the effects of underwriter reputation on initial public offering (IPO) underpricing in the Chinese Growth Enterprise Market, in light of the conflicting evidence in the literature on IPO underpricing. Using data during the post global financial crisis period, we find that IPO firms with prestigious underwriters have lower market-adjusted initial returns on average. We further find that prestigious underwriters reduce IPO underpricing by minimizing the time gap between the offering and listing, choosing high-quality firms to underwrite, and reducing information asymmetry between issuers and investors. In the presence of institutional investors, however, we find that more underpricing occurs, as these investors tend to obtain access to IPO shares at a higher price discount via private placements. This new finding suggests that the institutional investors have a role to play in the case of high under-pricing, which partly gets corrected via underwriter reputation.     

Acquisition Activity and IPO Underpricing

We propose an “M&A activity” hypothesis as a partial explanation for initial public offering (IPO) underpricing. When going public during active corporate control markets, managers may take actions to safeguard their control. In support of this conjecture, we find that pre-IPO M&A activity directly explains IPO underpricing. We also find that underpricing and ownership dispersion are positively correlated, as are ownership dispersion and the probability of remaining independent. Considering the possibility that some managers take their firms public to be acquired, we find that the positive link between M&A activity and underpricing is not robust for firms that are viewed as likely targets.     

The Relation between IPO Underpricing and Litigation Risk Revisited: Changes between 1990 and 2002

This paper reexamines the litigation risk hypothesis of initial public offering (IPO) underpricing in different legal and economic environments. When litigation risk is reduced in the three-year period after the enactment of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, firms' litigation risk plays a less significant role in IPO underpricing strategy. Furthermore, underpricing deters more traditional IPO lawsuits compared to that effect in the pre-1995 period. In the period after that, however, there is another structural change in which firms again use underpricing as insurance against IPO lawsuits. This underpricing may actually have led to greater litigation relating to IPO allocation irregularities.     

Audit quality, auditor compensation and initial public offering underpricing

We jointly study the impact of audit quality on auditor compensation and initial public offering (IPO) underpricing using a sample of Australian firms going public over the period 1996–2003. We find that quality (Big Four) audit firms earn significantly higher fees than non-Big Four auditors, and audit quality is positively associated with IPO underpricing. The positive relation between audit quality and underpricing is more pronounced for small issues, IPOs underwritten by non-prestigious underwriters, and those that are not backed by venture capitalists. Taken together, our results suggest that quality auditors serve as a signalling device that enhances post-issue market value of equity.     

Auctions vs. Bookbuilding and the Control of Underpricing in Hot IPO Markets

Market returns before the offer price is set affect the amountand variability of initial public offering (IPO) underpricing.Thus an important question is "What IPO procedure is best adaptedfor controlling underpricing in "hot" versus "cold" market conditions?"The French stock market offers a unique arena for empiricalresearch on this topic, since three substantially differentissuing mechanisms (auctions, bookbuilding, and fixed price)are used there. Using 1992–1998 data, we find that theauction mechanism is associated with less underpricing and lowervariance of underpricing. We show that the auction procedure'sability to incorporate more information from recent market conditionsinto the IPO price is an important reason.     

Modelling the behaviour of the new issue market

This paper analyses the time series behaviour of the initial public offering (IPO) market using an equilibrium model of demand and supply that incorporates the number of new issues, average underpricing, and general market conditions. Model predictions include the existence of serial correlation in both the number of new issues and the average level of underpricing, as well as interactions between these variables and the impact of general market conditions. The model is tested using 40 years of monthly IPO data. The empirical results are generally consistent with predictions.