Common Stochastic Trends in a System of Exchange Rates

Univariate tests reveal strong evidence for the presence of a unit root in the univariate time-series representation for seven daily spot and forward exchange rate series. Furthermore, all seven spot and forward rates appear to be cointegrated; that is, the forward premiums are stationary, and one common unit root, or stochastic trend, is detectable in the multivariate time-series models for the seven spot and forward rates, respectively. This is consistent with the hypothesis that the seven exchange rates possess one long-run relationship and that the disequilibrium error around that relationship partly accounts for subsequent movements in the exchange rates.     

汇率与股价关联的实证研究——基于汇改后中国大陆、台湾、香港的数据

通过运用协整检验和格兰杰因果检验对汇率制度改革后中国大陆、台湾、香港的股市与汇市关系的实证结果表明,中国大陆汇市与股市存在长期稳定的协整关系,短期相互影响明显;台湾汇市与股市只存在短期的相互效应;香港数据表明两者不存在因果关系,但方差分解显示股市变动对汇率波动有一定的冲击效应.     

Fractional cointegration and real exchange rates

This paper uses fractional integration and cointegration to model the DM-US dollar and the yen-US dollar real exchange rates in terms of both monetary and real factors, more specifically real interest rate and labour productivity differentials. We find that whilst the individual series may be integrated of order 1, their long-run relationship might have a fractionally cointegrated structure. This means that mean reversion occurs, consistently with the findings of other studies. However, it also indicates, in contrast to such studies, that the cointegrating relationship possesses long memory. In other words, the error correction term responds slowly to shocks, implying that deviations from equilibrium are long-lived. It appears that only a combination of real and monetary variables can accurately track down the movements of real exchange rates.     

Valuation effects and long-run real exchange rate dynamics

This paper uses the Johansen test for cointegration to check the prediction of a portfolio balance model that predictable valuation effects are associated with a saddle-path dynamic relationship between the net foreign asset position and the real exchange rate. The analysis uses newly constructed quarterly series on the net foreign position as a percentage of the nominal gross domestic product, together with data on real effective exchange rate indices for a sample of developed countries which borrow in their own currency. The results indicate that the net foreign asset position and the real exchange rate are not cointegrated for all the countries in the sample. The rejection of saddle-path dynamics suggests that predictable valuation effects are quantitatively small in developed countries. The rejection of cointegration suggests that the net foreign asset position is not a determinant for long-run real exchange rates in developed countries.     

Factors affecting the yields on noninvestment grade bond indices: a cointegration analysis

This study examines the long- and short-run dynamics of the yields on noninvestment grade indices. Utilizing cointegration techniques, the traditional yield spread model is found to be inadequate. A revised model finds a long-run relationship between noninvestment grade yields, Treasury securities, and default rates. Error correction models are formulated to model the short-run dynamics of different segments of the market. These models include a long-run equilibrium (between yields, default rates, and Treasuries), mutual fund flows, minor bond ratings, debt subordination measures, a stock index, and a January effect. Segmentation in the noninvestment grade market is also demonstrated.     

ARDL Approach to the Exchange Rate Overshooting in Taiwan

This paper re-examines Dornbusch’s (1976) sticky-price monetary model to exchange rate determination by employing both conventional Johansen’s (1988, 1990, 1994) maximum likelihood cointegration test and the ARDL Bound test by Pesaran, Shin, and Smith (2001) for the monthly data of Taiwan over the period 1986:01 ∼ 2003:04. Ambiguous results are found for the long-run equilibrium relationship between the NTD/USD exchange rate and macro fundamentals. With the advantage that ARDL Bound test incorporates both I(1) and I(0) series, we conclude our empirical evidence that there is no long-run equilibrium relationship between exchange rates and macro fundamentals. Moreover, for the short-run dynamic response, the result from the ARDL-UECM-MAIC (1, 10, 10, 8, 10) setting supports the overshooting of currency depreciation as pre-described by Dornbusch (1976). However, this overshooting phenomenon does not exist the current month, but one month after.JEL Classification: C32, B22, E44     

Fisher Hypothesis Revisited: A Fractional Cointegration Analysis

This paper investigates the validity of the Fisher hypothesis using data from thirtythree developed and developing countries. Conventional cointegration tests do not provide strong evidence for a relation between nominal interest rates and inflation. Therefore, we use fractional cointegration analysis to test the long-run relationship between the two variables. The results indicate that a long-run relation between nominal interest rates and inflation does not appear for most countries in the sample when the conventional cointegration test is employed. However, fractional cointegration between the two variables is found for a large majority of countries, implying the validity of the Fisher hypothesis. The results also indicate that the equilibrium errors display long memory.     

Cointegration analysis of the intensity of the ERM currencies under the European Monetary System

This paper examines the (long-run) intra-zonal elasticities between the spot exchange rates of the deutschemark and other major ERM currencies (French franc, Belgian franc, Dutch guilder, Danish krone, Italian lira and British pound) under the EMS. The findings show that under the fixed-but-adjustable rate system, the hypothesis of no cointegration can be rejected for all chosen ERM currency pairs and unit restriction on zonal elasticities can be accepted for almost all cointegrated currency pairs. On the other hand, under the fixed-rate system, Danish krone, Italian lira and British pound fail the cointegration test and the zonal elasticities for all cointegrated currency pairs are rejected to be unity. The study signifies less intense linkages of the ERM currencies without parity realignments. Finally, the deutschmark took the role of error-correcting process for one cointegrated currency pair under the fixed-but-adjustable-rate system, and it performed the same role for two pairs under the fixed-rate system. Hence, deutschmark should not be assumed a priori statistically exogenous under the EMS     

US exports and time-varying volatility of real exchange rate

The effect of exchange rate volatility on trade is a controversial issue in international economics. Despite a widespread view that an increase in exchange rates volatility reduces trade, there is no real consensus on the direction or the size of the exchange rate volatility–trade level linkages. This paper investigates the relationship between US trade volume and exchange rate volatility using cointegration and error-correction models. We use conditional variances of the real effective exchange rate (REER) series modeled as a generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic (GARCH) process to measure the exchange rate volatility. The cointegration results indicate a significant negative relationship between US export volume and exchange rate volatility. The short-run dynamics of the relationship, however, show that the effects of both real exchange rates and exchange rate volatility are insignificant.     

Real exchange rate dynamics: The role of elastic labor supply

Empirical evidence suggests that the flexibility of labor supply is closely related to the dynamic adjustment of the real exchange rate. This paper investigates this relationship in a two-sector dependent economy model. While, the long-run equilibrium real exchange rate is independent of the elasticity of labor supply, our analysis confirms that the nature of the labor supply can be a crucially important determinant of its short-run dynamics. The extent to which this is so depends to some degree on the source of the underlying structural change that is driving the dynamics of the real exchange rate. Numerical simulations confirm that this mechanism may help explain the larger short-run volatility and more rapid convergence typically associated with developing countries having less flexible labor markets.     

Long-run dynamics of official and black-market exchange rates in Latin America

This paper attempts to investigate the long-run dynamic relationship between official and black-market exchange rates for four Latin America markets namely, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico. We follow (Moore, M. J., & Phylaktis, K. (2000). Black and official exchange rates in the Pacific Basin: Some tests of dynamic behaviour. Applied Financial Economics, 10, 361–369.) and we distinguish between long-run informational efficiency and short-run predictability in a sense that these notions are compatible with cointegration and error-correction mechanisms (ECM). Our findings indicate a constant black-market premium for each country, which is taken as strong support for long-run informational efficiency between the official and black markets for foreign currency. In addition, the evidence of short-run predictability is not considered as a violation of market efficiency, but it is the outcome of optimal arbitrage by rational economic agents.     

Nonlinear equilibrium adjustment dynamics and predictability of the term structure of interest rates

We analyze money market dynamics under a long-run equilibrium framework where commonly-monitored spreads serve as error correction terms, derived from a structural model incorporating autocorrelated risk premia, interest rate smoothing and monetary policy feedback. Using a dataset of monthly observations of the spot next and four-, thirteen-, twenty six- and fifty two-week Treasury Bills rates for the United States, Germany and United Kingdom from January 1999 to April 2016, we investigate the power of the expectations hypothesis theory of interest rates taking into account long-run deviations from equilibrium and inherent nonlinearities. We reveal short-run dynamic adjustments for the term structure of the USA, Germany and the UK, which are subject to regime switches. When forecastability is tested during May 2016–October 2017, the MSIH-VECM outperforms systematically the VECM. This is the first attempt to explore the possibility of parameter instability as a crucial factor in deriving the rejection of the restricted version of the cointegration space. Moreover, we investigate the dynamic out-of-sample forecasts of the term structure to assess the effectiveness of nonlinear MS-VECM modeling in capturing the after-effects of the global crisis. Overall, our results suggest that regime shifts in the mean and variance of the term structure may be intertwined with changes in fundamentals, that play a role in driving interest rate regimes, in particular business cycle and inflation fluctuations.     

Long-run dynamics of official and black-market exchange rates in Latin America

This paper attempts to investigate the long-run dynamic relationship between official and black-market exchange rates for four Latin America markets namely, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico. We follow (Moore, M. J., & Phylaktis, K. (2000). Black and official exchange rates in the Pacific Basin: Some tests of dynamic behaviour. Applied Financial Economics, 10, 361–369.) and we distinguish between long-run informational efficiency and short-run predictability in a sense that these notions are compatible with cointegration and error-correction mechanisms (ECM). Our findings indicate a constant black-market premium for each country, which is taken as strong support for long-run informational efficiency between the official and black markets for foreign currency. In addition, the evidence of short-run predictability is not considered as a violation of market efficiency, but it is the outcome of optimal arbitrage by rational economic agents.     

Policy coordination and risk premium in foreign exchange markets for major EU currencies

This study investigates cointegration, policy coordination and the risk premium in foreign exchange markets for major EU currencies since the inception of the EMU in January 1999. The results show that only the krone and the pound are cointegrated with the euro. Tests of inflation convergence and analyses of reduced-form and structural VARs indicate that the cointegration evidence reflects the relatively stronger degree of monetary policy coordination and at least the de facto fixed exchange rate regime of Denmark and the U.K. with the EMU. Additionally, cointegration of spot exchange rates can be considered one of the factors that represent the time-varying risk premium due to its explanatory power for the return to forward speculation.     

Fractional cointegration and tests of present value models

This paper tests the validity of present value (PV) models of stock prices by employing a two-step strategy for testing the null hypothesis of no cointegration against alternatives which are fractionally cointegrated. Monte Carlo simulations are conducted to evaluate the power and size properties of this test, which is shown to outperform existing ones, and to compute appropriate critical values for finite samples. It is found that stock prices and dividends are both I(1) nonstationary series, but they are fractionally cointegrated. This implies that, although there exists a long-run relationship, which is consistent with PV models, the equilibrium errors exhibit slow mean reversion. As the error correction term possesses long memory, deviations from equilibrium are highly persistent.     

汇率制度改革后中国股市与汇市关系——人民币名义汇率与上证综合指数的实证研究

本文利用协整检验和Granger因果检验的计量方法研究了汇率制度改革后中国股市与汇市的关系。实证结果表明,汇率制度改革后中国股市与汇市存在长期稳定的协整关系,人民币升值是中国股市上扬的单向Granger原因。最后,本文利用国际收支和资本流动理论对这些实证结果作了进一步解释,并提出了相应的政策建议。     

Cointegration, Efficiency and Forecasting in the Currency Market

Existing literature on using the cointegration approach to examine the efficiency of the foreign exchange market gives mixed results. Arguments typically focus on econometric testing techniques, with fractional cointegration being the most current one. This paper tries to look at the issue from an economic perspective. It shows that the cointegrating relationship, whether cointegrated or fractionally cointegrated, is found mainly among the currencies of the European Monetary System which are set to fluctuate within a given range. Hence, there is no inconsistency with the notion of market efficiency. Yet, exploiting such a cointegrating relationship is helpful in currency forecasting. There is some evidence that restricting the forecasting model to consist of only cointegrated currencies improves forecasting efficiency.     

The monetary model in the presence of I(2) components: long-run relationships, short-run dynamics and forecasting of the Greek drachma

This paper re-examines the long-run properties of the monetary exchange rate model using data for the drachma–dollar and drachma–mark exchange rates under the hypothesis that the system contains variables that are I(2). Using the recent I(2) test by Paruolo (On the determination of integration indices in I(2) systems. J. Economet. 72 (1996) 313–356) to examine the presence of I(2) and I(1) components in a multivariate context we find that the system contains two I(2) variables in both cases and this finding is reconfirmed by the estimated roots of the companion matrix (Do purchasing power parity and uncovered interest rate parity hold in the long-run? An example of likelihood inference in a multivariate time-series model. Juselius, J. Economet. 69 (1995) 211–240). The I(2) component led to the transformation of the estimated model by imposing long-run but not short-run proportionality between domestic and foreign money. Two statistically significant cointegrating vectors were found and, by imposing linear restrictions on each vector as suggested by Johansen and Juselius (Identification of the long-run and the short-run structure: an applicaion to the ISLM model. J. Economet. 63 (1994) 7–36) and Johansen (Identifying restrictions of linear equations with applications to simultaneous equations and cointegration. J. Economet. 69 (1995b) 111–132), the order and rank conditions for identification are satisfied, but the test for overidentifying restrictions was not significant only for the case of the drachma/mark rate. The main findings suggest that we reject the forward-looking version of the monetary model for the drachma/dollar case but not when the drachma/mark rate is used, a result that is attributed to the monetary and exchange rate policy followed by the Greek authorities since Greece's joining of the European Union. Furthermore, we test for parameter stability using the tests developed by Hansen and Johansen (Recursive estimation in cointegrated VAR-models. Working paper (1993) University of Copenhagen) and it is shown that the dimension of the cointegration rank is sample independent while the estimated coefficients do not exhibit instabilities in recursive estimations. Finally, it is shown that the monetary model outperforms the random walk model in an out-of-sample forecasting contest.     

Exchange rate mean reversion from real shocks within an intertemporal equilibrium model

The post Bretton Woods era has been characterized by real exchange rates that exhibit mean reversion, with mixed evidence as to whether this reversion is partial (PPP never holds) or essentially complete. This paper generates these stylized facts theoretically by synthesizing a simple intertemporal open economy model with the elasticities approach to the current account. A central feature of the model is the existence of non-traded goods. The model can generate partial or approximately complete mean reversion for the real exchange rate (depending on parameter values) if innovations in output are made up of permanent and temporary components. In addition, temporary output shocks generate a type of hysteresis wherein the short-run path for the exchange rate permanently alters its long-run equilibrium value.     

IS THE TOKYO SPOT FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET CONSISTENT WITH THE EFFICIENT MARKET HYPOTHESIS?

Recent Studies in the area of foreign exchange market efficiency have employed time series analysis to test for the absence of long-run equilibrium or cointegration relationships among the exchange rates for the major currencies. Cointegration directly violates the weak form of the Efficient Market Hypothesis in a speculative efficient market (Granger, 1986). In this study, we address the efficiency of the Tokyo spot foreign exchange market while updating the test procedures developed by Phillips and Ouliaris (1990), Johansen and Juselius (1990) and Johansen (1991). Cointegration is found to be absent, showing that the Tokyo spot market is consistent with the efficient market hypothesis.