“双赤字”新兴市场国家的困境

2011年,受全球经济复苏放缓和美欧债务危机升级的影响,新兴市场国家经济由强劲增长转为普遍放缓,整体呈现前高后低的态势;同时,新兴市场国家通胀压力持续高企,经济陷入滞胀的风险有所加大。国际资本的持续流出,导致部分新兴市场国家     

新兴市场资本流动与金融脆弱性:一个三维分析框架

全球金融危机以来,国际资本的大量流入推动了新兴市场的经济增长。但这种由外债驱动的增长,使其更易受到发达国家利率、汇率等外部因素的制约,造成金融不稳定。本文从经常账户、外汇储备和对外债务等三个不同的角度探讨上述外部因素对新兴市场的风险传递效应。根据对新兴市场国家的总体和分项脆弱性指标进行的情景分析,本文得出的结论是,如果国际资本流动等金融市场条件发生不利变化,巴西、印尼、俄罗斯、南非和土耳其等五个国家将面临较大的金融风险。     

欧洲主权债务危机对全球经济与全球金融市场的影响分析

<正>欧债危机在欧元区内部逐步由债务危机转化为经济危机,影响欧元区经济增长,同时也通过国际资本流动、汇率变动、国际贸易等渠道传导至欧元区以外的国家,影响全球经济增长。本文的研究结果发现,欧债危机使得全球贸易陷人低迷,失业率上升,全球经济增长乏力;与此同时,欧债危机造成全球金融市场和国际资本流动出现震荡,一方面,欧债危机转化为债务危机,对信用衍生产品造成了严重影响,并对全球银行业系统带来了潜在的风险;另一方面,欧债危机导致全球资本流动规模收缩,直接投资流向新兴经济体,证券投资流向发达经济体。目前,欧债危机的负面影响仍在持续,全球经济复苏依然步履维艰,全球经济     

新兴市场金融脆弱性:基于国际资本易变性的分析

随着国际资本流动规模的日益庞大,其易变性的破坏力也越来越大,而且在新兴市场国家表现得尤为强烈,这加剧了新兴市场国家金融脆弱性。国际资本易变性从冲击货币稳定、影响国际收支的可维持性以及国际游资对金融市场的高度投机三个方面加剧了新兴市场金融脆弱性。它在新兴市场表现尤为强烈的原因在于新兴市场的不稳定性和不成熟性。     

新兴经济体主权债务货币错配演变及启示

鉴于历次国际债务危机的教训，自20世纪90年代末以来新兴经济体积极发展本币债券市场与发行本币计价国际债券，以降低主权债务货币错配程度，2013年之前国际投资机构持有的新兴经济体本币政府债券占比总体不断上升，但近十年来由于新兴经济体本币汇率波动加剧，这一趋势基本停滞。因此，一方面，与21世纪初相比，大多数新兴经济体的“原罪”约束显著缓解，本国国际债务实际偿还负担变动对汇率波动负面效应的敏感度下降；另一方面，货币错配风险从新兴经济体政府部门转移至国际投资机构的资产负债表，新兴经济体对全球金融周期波动变得更敏感，新兴经济体外部金融风险模式从“原罪”向“新形态原罪”转变。这给新兴经济体和我国的宏观管理政策带来了启示：一是成熟的国内金融市场体系和健全的国内投资者基础，有助于对冲因国际资本大规模流动对本国货币金融环境的负面冲击；二是适度发展本国汇率衍生品市场并开放国际投资机构参与，有助于稳定从汇率波动到国际资本流动顺周期波动的传导。     

新兴市场国家的国际资本流动与双危机模型扩展

本文基于新兴市场国家经济背景下,从国内中央银行和国内投资者、国际投资者三类主体进行不完全信息博弈的角度对双危机理论模型进行了有效扩展,探讨了对国际资本流动进行和不进行数量和税费控制条件下银行危机与货币危机发生所满足的必要条件,从而更深入全面地探讨了国际资本流动与双危机之间的传导机制。以马来西亚的实际数据对扩展模型的合理性和有效性进行了验证,并对模型中的主要参数对均衡结果的不同影响进行了分析,为类似中国的新兴市场国家制定安全有效的货币政策以及防范金融危机提供了思路和政策建议。     

从欧洲主权债务危机看信用评级机构监管

目前,工业化国家进入资本市场被看做理所当然,但新兴市场进入国际资本市场是不稳定的、多变的。对于新兴市场,信用评级扮演着最关键的角色。主权信用评级是由信用评级机构对中央政府的债务所做的风险评估。主权信用评级在决定国家进入国际资本市场的程度和条件上起着关键的作用。一些研究发现,信用评级的变化对主权债券利差有显著影响。主权信用评级被用做国家违约可能性的总体测量。     

试析国际资本流动对新兴市场国家金融体系的影响

有关国际资本流动和一国资本帐户开放的理论研究都表明，在理想的状况下容许国际资本自由流动将给所有的国家带来福利的增加。所以目前大部分的经济学家和政策制定们都相信所有的国家最终都应当向资本流动自由化的方向发展。但是，在过去的十几年里，银行问题和银行危机又开始大量出现，而新兴市场国家的银行问题似乎更为严重。这就意味着新兴市场国家是带头银行体系的脆弱性问题来迎接资本自由流动这一挑战的。那么，一个国家在银行体系未能足够完善时就开放其资本帐户，任由国际资本（特别是流动性非常强的短期资本）自由流动，究竟会产生什么样的后果呢？     

国际资本流动与银行稳定

随着各国经济的日趋开放,妨碍资本流动的制度及技术性因素的逐步消除,全球范围内的资本流动正达到前所未有的高度。国际资本流动在提高资源配置效率的同时,也会带来资产价格泡沫、货币替代、资本外逃、货币危机和债务危机等一系列风险效应,从而对一国银行业的稳定性造成冲击。本文揭示这些风险效应与银行稳定之间的内在机理,并给予实证检验。     

从国际资本流动着新兴市场国家资本控制的必要性

有关国际资本流动和一国资本帐户开放的理论研究都表明，在理想的状况下容许国际资本自由流动将给所有的国家带来福利的增加，所以目前大部分的经济学家和政策制定者们都相信所有的国家最终都应当向资本流动自由化的方向发展，但是，在过去的十几年里，银行问题的银行危机又开始大量出现，而新兴市场国家的银行问题似乎更为严重。这就意味着新兴市场国家是带着体系的脆弱性问题来迎接资本自由流动这一挑战的，那么，一个国家的银行体系未能足够完善时就开放其资本帐户，任由国际资本（特别是流动性非常强的短期资本）自由流动，究竟会产生什么样的后果呢？     

Global Public‐Private Investment Partnerships: A Financing Innovation with Positive Social Impact

Global bond markets, along with banks and governments, are the main source of funding for investment in environmentally friendly infrastructure and the transition to clean energy. Although such bonds are a relatively recent innovation, the green bond market has grown rapidly from its start in 2008 to around $800 billion in outstanding issues. The problem, however, is that green bonds, which represent less than 1% of global bond markets, have been issued disproportionately by government‐sponsored entities, corporations, and municipalities in developed markets. In the emerging market countries where the infrastructure investments are most needed, they barely exist. The authors describe a new investment vehicle, called the AP EGO fund, whose mission and MO are to channel the vast global pools of institutional savings that are now invested in low or (even negative) yield fixed‐income assets—as much as $17 trillion in 2019—to higher‐return emerging markets green investments, in particular sustainable infrastructure, by creating a new asset class: emerging‐market green bonds issued by banks. The AP EGO fund is premised on and involves a reworking of the public‐private partnership (PPP) into a form they call the global public‐private investment partnership (or GPPIP). Unlike the PPP, which combines a public agency with a private operator, the GPPIP has four instead of just two partners. In addition to the standard public agency and the private concession operator, there is a development bank—in this case the International Finance Corporation (IFC), which is the financial markets affiliate of the World Bank—and private investors that include emerging‐market banks as well as global institutional investors. Along with the mediating role played by a public agency like the IFC, the AP EGO Fund is fundamentally different from other PPPs in that it takes the form of a special purpose securitization vehicle whose shares are backed by a pool of green bonds issued by emerging market banks in multiple emerging market countries. And besides its application to a new asset class, the fund also breaks new ground by applying a securitization technique with a fund structure designed with an embedded “first‐loss” protection to a global pool of green bonds originated in emerging market economies. By means of this structuring, the green‐bond‐backed fund shares issued by the AP EGO are now providing developed market institutional investors with somewhat higher‐yielding fixed income securities that nevertheless carry an investment‐grade rating.     

There's no need to be a pioneer in emerging private equity markets

There is currently considerable enthusiasm for emerging private equity markets, where investors believe they have access to “untapped deal flow”. Early entry may allow them to capitalize on exceptional growth opportunities; however, the pioneering investors enter immature capital markets and have no local transaction experience. This may outweigh the potential benefits of low deal-flow competition and expected growth. We address this potential drawback by analyzing a unique, hand-collected dataset of emerging private equity market transactions. We refer to 1157 deals in 86 host countries between 1973 and 2009, and find that early transactions underperform later deals. The evidence presented is robust and consistent with the improvement in the deal-making environment over time and the benefits of learning how to conduct emerging market private equity deals. The learning benefits are stronger if investors are located in the same country as the investee firm.     

Cross-market information transfers of ADR firms: An investigation of emerging market economies

Level II and III ADRs permit issuers to be listed on the major U.S. exchanges with the stipulation that they comply with extensive SEC disclosure requirements. Foreign private issuers are compelled to file a set of audited financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, or alternatively, IFRS or Home Country Accounting Principles with attendant reconciliation to U.S. GAAP prior to 2008. Although the Form 20-F reconciliation is discontinued in 2008 for IFRS filers, non-U.S. issuers are required to satisfy other Form 20-F stipulations such as expanded Item 17 and Item 18 disclosures. We conjecture that non-U.S. firms choosing to be listed on the major U.S. exchanges will incur the added costs associated with the supplemental disclosure requirements in order to attract sufficient investor attention as to have the disclosures impounded in the home country equity share price in the manner described by Fishman et al. (1989). Because a prominent attribute of ADR firms is that they benefit from multiple-market trading, we investigate whether the Form 20-F disclosure cross-market information transfers are associated with emerging market economy status. We employ models of the cross-market ADR and equity security share returns and trading volume controlling for the emerging economy status and incremental firm-specific SEC Form 20-F accounting principles disclosures. Preliminary results indicate that (1) U.S. listed ADR firms from emerging economies experience greater cross-market information transfers associated with the SEC Form 20-F filing, and (2) that the increased cross-market information transfers associated with the SEC Form 20-F filing are proportional to the difference in quality of accounting principles employed for home country reporting purposes vis-à-vis the accounting principles employed for SEC Form 20-F reporting purposes. Results are consistent with a feedback process through which the new information disclosed by the SEC Form 20-F reporting requirements in the ADR market attenuates the price discovery process in the home country equity market when the difference in information environment quality is large.     

私人股权基金监管的国际经验及对中国的启示

英国对私人股权基金的监管基于两个层面,其一是机构投资者通过与私人股权基金经理签订一些保护自身利益的合约,对基金经理的投资行为进行约束与监管;其二是政策制定者通过制定一系列法律和法规,对私人股权市场进行规范。在中国,针对私人股权市场的专业监管主体还不明确,在很大程度上,私人股权市场的发展没有正式纳入政府的监管体系。中国应该设立一个专门机构或者增设一个职能部门对私人股权基金的发展予以监管;还应建立健全相关的法律法规。     

Information and Long‐Term Stock Performance Following Open‐Market Share Repurchases

We find that firm managers have private information when they decide on open‐market share repurchases, and that this information is significantly correlated with announcement period and post‐announcement abnormal returns. We further find that long‐term post‐announcement abnormal returns are related to private information differently for firms that actually repurchase shares when compared to firms that announce a repurchase program but do not acquire shares. Our results indicate that managers’ private information is only ambiguously revealed by the repurchase announcement, and that the market waits for the firm's subsequent actions, such as actual repurchase, to further interpret the private information.     

金融危机持续蔓延，亚洲新兴市场未能幸免

美国金融危机造成了全球市场的动荡,亚洲新兴市场国家也受到不同程度的影响。尽管亚洲国家在此次危机中的直接损失有限。但其金融市场也遭受了诸如股市暴跌、汇率下滑等波动。油价回落、出口疲软和资金抽逃将使亚洲国家面临压力,未来经济前景面临不确定性。部分国家如韩国、印度和印尼,尤其是韩国出现危机的可能性较大。     

Do credit rating agencies add to the dynamics of emerging market crises?

This study investigates the role of credit rating agencies in international financial markets. With an index of speculative market pressure it is analyzed whether sovereign ratings changes have an impact on the financial stability in emerging market economies. The event study analysis indicates that sovereign rating changes have substantial influence on the size and volatility of emerging markets lending. The empirical results are significantly stronger in the case of government's downgrades and negative imminent rating actions than in the case of agencies’ positive rating adjustments. Sovereign rating changes anticipated by market participants have a smaller impact on financial markets in emerging economies.     

The Evolution of Private Equity in Emerging Markets: The Case of Poland

In the last ten years, there has been a pronounced shift toward emerging markets in institutional investor allocations of capital to private equity. While the lion's share of the allocations to emerging markets have gone to the “BRIC” nations, lesser‐known markets like Poland are threatening to steal the spotlight. Economic stabilization, development of the private sector, a favorable business outlook, and continuous improvement of the local institutional infrastructure (laws, accounting rules, and fiscal regimes) have all contributed to the development of a vibrant private equity industry in Poland. Most private equity firms in Poland structure their deals around five broad investment themes: technology; media; and telecommunications; manufacturing; consumer services; business services; and financial services. Local private equity firms have traditionally adopted two different strategies towards these sectors. The first group of private equity firms initially targeted manufacturing, with the conviction that, as the Polish economy developed, the satisfaction of consumer needs for basic products would be the largest source of market demand. The second group assumed that the market would require access to more services to accommodate the growing local economy. Both approaches have proved reasonably successful, as the leaders among these two groups of firms have continued to succeed in raising new funds while achieving high returns for their limited partners. And while the accomplishments of the private equity industry have been made possible by the extent of Poland's transformation from a socialist into a market economy, the industry itself continues to play an important role in this transformation by providing both outside capital and know‐how for local firms and managers.     

Private placement,share prices,volume and financial crisis: An emerging market study

Firms are increasingly resorting to private placements in recent years, yet there is no published study of emerging markets. There is a unique opportunity to study this behavior during a severe financial crisis, when firms resorted to private placements to recover financially distressed firms. Our analysis using data over fifteen years shows (a) a significant 2–3% positive share price reaction, affirming asymmetric information effect, (b) a significant volume activity, and (c) the price impact is different across a period of a major financial crisis. If the proceeds from placement are earmarked for investment, share price is negatively (positively) correlated during the crisis (non-crisis) periods. Our finding on regulation is inconsistent with prior reports in developed markets: this is explained by the stricter restrictions on trading of private issues in emerging market. These results provide modest new contributions to the literature on private placements.     

Inflation Targeting Around the World

This paper examines the inflation record of twenty-nine inflation- and noninflation-targeting economies. Both industrial and emerging market economies are considered. Empirical evidence is based on a comparison of actual and forecasted inflation, an econometric analysis that estimates changes in inflation persistence, and an estimate of the probability of a breach in the inflation target as a proxy for the fragility of the targeting regime. I find that inflation persistence has fallen in only a handful of emerging market economies. However, the inflationtargeting regime is not especially fragile in emerging market economies. As these economies gain experience with inflation targets and respond appropriately to forecast errors generated by the private sector, the likelihood of breaches in the target ranges tends to fall.