教化投资:人力资本投资的新形式

本文针对现有的人力资本理论将人力资本投资形式局限于教育、培训、医疗、保健和迁移,而对其他投资形式关注不足的现实,认为适应于现代经济生活相关的思想观念、价值取向和道德规范,需要相关投入才会形成,这些投入也是人力资本投资不可或缺的形式,笔者将其概括为教化投资。经济转型过程凸显了教化投资的重要性。教化投资增强了人力资本的资源配置能力,在扩大个体人力资本存量的同时,还提升了社会经济价值,增加了社会资本。     

养老保险与人力资本投资的研究新进展

自Lucas(1988)以来,许多研究在Samuelson(1958)&Diamond(1965)的世代交叠模型(OLG)的基础上,将养老保险、人力资本投资与经济增长的其他要素相联系进行了理论和应用研究.本文介绍了养老睬险制度与人力资本投资的理论和应用研究的最新成果和进展,指出了理论和应用研究的新趋势,这对于当前我国经济高速发展和社会保障改革进程中的养老金计划和制度的设计将具有重要意义.     

Asymmetry and uncertainty in capital formation: an application to oil investment

Theories of irreversible investment suggest a negative relation between investment and uncertainty, and nonlinear adjustment costs open for asymmetries in the adjustment of fixed capital. We propose an econometric modelling approach to estimate and test the key predictions of modern investment theory, including asymmetric dynamics and various uncertainty indicators. Our application on a data set from the oil industry offers empirical support for both asymmetric dynamics and uncertainty in oil and gas investment.     

Education policies,pre-college human capital investment and educated unemployment

Journal of Economics - This paper employs a search and matching model featuring endogenous pre-college human capital investment to examine how education policies, such as subsidies, scholarships,...     

Controlling endogenous fluctuations of human capital investment in an OLG economy

A bifurcation occurs when there is a sudden qualitative or topological change in the behavior of the original system by varying one or more parameters (the bifurcation parameters) of the original system. Bifurcation can cause unacceptable new conditions or instability in the economy system. Its control is done by designing a controller input, thereby achieving desirable dynamical behavior. This paper deals with the control of a bifurcation caused by a rise in information costs in a human capital investment model. By employing the delayed feedback control (DFC) method, unstable fluctuations stemming from the system can be controlled without changing its original properties. In addition, we show the effectiveness and feasibility of the developed methods in the system with explicit functions.     

Government investment in natural capital

This paper presents a new approach to the measurement of natural capital. A distinguishing feature of this approach is the use of investment criteria that are consistent with the main features of physical capital, thus maintaining consistency in the measurement of different types of capital. This new approach was applied to the expenditures of the federal government in Canada as recorded in the Public Accounts for fiscal year 2004-05. My results indicate that, in 2004-05, total investment in natural capital by the federal government amounted to 2.6% of net budgetary expenditures. Spending on physical capital, the only component that is currently included as investment in the National Accounts, represented only 5% of total investment in natural capital.     

农村人力资本高等教育投资的影响因素探析

高等教育阶段,影响农村人力资本投资的因素很多,包括农村居民收入的低水平循环增长、教育机会的不均等、农村家庭高等教育投资与收益的不对称和农村人力资本高等教育收益率较低等。     

Analysing wage differentials when workers maximize the return to human capital investment

The analysis of the determinants of differences in wages across workers has traditionally relied on the estimation of average earnings functions. In this article, we propose a new theoretical model where it is the workers who decide the amount they wish to invest in human capital, taking into account the costs of acquiring those skills, for the purpose of maximizing earnings. In this model, both human capital and marginal productivity are likely to be influenced by the individual’s (unobserved) characteristics such as ability or motivation, potentially giving rise to endogeneity problems. In this context, the empirical implementation of our theoretical model allows us, under certain assumptions, to obtain consistent estimates even under the assumption of endogeneity. We present an empirical application to the education sector using data from the Spanish Structure of Earnings Survey 2010. Our results show that females and workers in the private education sector face more difficulties in achieving their maximum potential wage.     

Human–capital investment and the wage gap

Summary. According to empirical studies, the wage differential by skills evolved non–monotonically in the past decades although the relative supply of skilled labor steadily increased. The present paper provides a theoretical explanation for this finding. In our setting, technological change intertemporally alters the human–capital investment incentives of heterogeneous individuals. As a consequence of changing incentives, the time path of the relative wage is U–shaped while there is a rise in the share of skilled workers. Received: November 28, 2000; revised version: January 30, 2001     

西部中小企业人力资本投资不足原因及对策研究

人力资本投资严重不足是中小企业发展壮大的瓶颈,尤其对于广大的西部落后地区,相比东部人才吸引力不足,孔雀东南飞的现象很严重。那么什么原因导致西部中小企业人力资本投资不足以及如何改变这个现状,这正是本文关心的核心问题。     

Social capital and snake oil

This paper argues that the social capital that comes from group identification has a mixture of effects on welfare. In this sense, this form of social capital is neither snake oil nor elixir but something in between. Strong group distinction and identification reduce the adverse impact that relative comparisons can have on happiness, and they probably help with existential anxieties. However, strong groups in this sense can also plausibly heighten inter-group animosity to the detriment of all. Whether they do, however, is likely to depend on the character of the beliefs that give identity to each group. The paper further argues that an ‘open’ set of beliefs in the Austrian or Hayekian sense are the ones least likely to spawn such animosity. In this way, the paper points public policy away from the encouragement to group formation to the character of the groups that are formed.      

Population,competition, innovation,and economic growth with and without human capital investment

This paper analyzes how population and product market competition (PMC) may interact with each other in affecting the pace of economic growth. The impact of a change in population (size or growth) and in the degree of PMC on productivity growth may vary depending on the presence of human versus physical capital investment, the way in which individuals may purposefully invest in human capital, the type of input used in the uncompetitive sector, the form of households’ intertemporal utility, and whether PMC (measured by the degree of substitutability between differentiated intermediates) is disentangled or not from the input shares in aggregate income. It is found that a growth model with human capital accumulation à la Lucas (J Monet Econ 22(1):3–42, 1988) and a continuum of degrees of intertemporal altruism can predict an ambiguous link between population and economic growth rates, in line with the available empirical evidence. The article also analyzes the conditions under which market structure (monopoly power) and population (size or growth) may be complementary to each other in the process of long-run economic growth.     

Social learning,neighborhood effects,and investment in human capital: Evidence from Green-Revolution India

This paper empirically identifies social learning and neighborhood effects in schooling investments in a new technology regime. Social learning implies that learning is most efficient when observed heterogeneity in schooling is greatest. The estimates of learning-investment rule, from farm household panel data at the onset of the Green Revolution in India, show that (i) agents learn about schooling returns from income realizations of their neighbors, and (ii) the speed of learning is high when the variation of schooling is large. Thus, schooling distribution of the parents' generation in a community has externalities to schooling investments in children. Simulations show that the variations in schooling within and across communities generate variations in child enrollment rate and average household income.     

哈萨克斯坦的油气投资环境

哈萨克斯坦位于亚洲中部,北邻俄罗斯,南与乌兹别克斯坦、土库曼斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦接壤,西濒里海,东接中国,总面积271.73万平方公里,人口1506万,是中亚五国中面积最大的国家.哈萨克斯坦是个多民族国家,全国共有130多个民族,哈萨克族人数最多(占53.4%),主要信奉伊斯兰教.哈萨克语为国语,俄语在国家机关和地方自治机关与哈语同为正式使用的语言.首都阿斯塔那是哈萨克斯坦的政治中心,是哈国主要的工农业生产基地,是全国铁路交通枢纽.     

创业投资基金:美、日发展模式的比较与借鉴

创业投资基金是组织化、制度化的创业投资。美国是创业投资基金的发源地,也是创业投资发展最成功的典范。美国经济在20世纪90年代持续高速增长的一个重要原因是受到创业投资基金支持的高新技术产业迅速发展,在创业投资基金发展过程中,美国有许多独特之处和成功的经验。日本是亚洲最早发展创业投资的国家,创业投资基金主要是模仿美国而发展起来的,但受国情的影响,创业投资对经济的促进作用并不明显,同其经济发展相比,明显落后,深层次原因值得思考。本文意在比较两国创业投资基金的发展模式并加以分析,以期对我国发展创业投资基金有所启示。美…     

On the effects of highway investment on the regional concentration of economic activity in the USA

The empirical results in this note are based on state-level VAR estimates using private output, employment, and investment, as well as different measures of highway investment to capture, for each state, both the direct effects of highway investment in the state itself and spillover effects of highway investment in other states. Empirical results suggest that the largest states tend to also be the biggest beneficiaries of highway investments which means that highway investment has not only contributed to regional concentration of economic activity but has done so in many of the largest states thereby contributing to regional asymmetries in the country.     

2009年固定资产投资分析及2010年预测

2009年,固定资产投资快速增长,成为经济增长的主要推动力,投资结构有所改善,但也出现了部分行业重复建设和产能过剩、自主投资增长动力不足、投资效益下降、银行不良资产潜在风险增大等问题。2010年,在国际经济环境有所好转和国内宏观调控政策取向基本保持不变的情况下,固定资产投资仍将继续保持高增长态势。应优化投资结构,结合深化垄断行业、公用事业和社会发展领域管理体制改革,加大促进民间投资的力度。     

Unilateral capital transfers, public investment, and economic growth

We contrast the effects of a transfer tied to investment in public infrastructure from a traditional pure transfer. The latter has no growth or dynamic consequences; it is always welfare improving, the gains increasing with the stock of government debt and the benefits of debt reduction. A tied transfer generates dynamic adjustments, as public capital is accumulated in the recipient economy. Its long-run growth and welfare effects depend upon the initial stock of infrastructure, as well as co-financing arrangements. These contrasts also apply to temporary transfers, particularly the transitional dynamics. A temporary pure transfer has only modest short-run growth effects and leads to a permanent deterioration of the current account, while a productive transfer has significant impacts on short-run growth, leading to permanent improvements in key economic variables including the current account.