社区滚动资金的运作和可持续性机制研究

农村金融存在"政府失灵"和"市场失灵"的"双失灵"情况,直接的后果是导致农村居民普遍借贷难的现象.社区滚动资金就是在金融服务"市场失灵"和"政府失灵"的双重约束下产生的.社区滚动资金作为一种金融创新弥补了正规金融的不足,有利于农村小农经济的发展.便同时也出现了很多问题,如还款难和受到村庄政治干预等问题.笔者以:亚洲开发银行在三江平原实施的项目为载体,走进社区,对社区滚动资金运作的过程进行透视,从而为社区发展中滚动资金的运作提供实践案例和宝贵的经验.     

Sense and Sustainability: Sustainability as an Objective in International Agricultural Research

This paper first discusses how to use sustainability as a criterion by which to evaluate agricultural research, then illustrates the difficulties inherent in applying the criterion and finally draws implications for international agricultural research. Seven propositions relating to sustainability are stated. Agricultural researchers are urged to (a) recognize the importance of the sustainability of agricultural systems. (b) devise appropriate ways to measure sustainability, (c) empirically examine the sustainability of some well-defined cropping or farming systems, (d) define the externalities that exist in such systems, and (e) develop methods to measure those externalities.     

践行科学发展观 全面建设新林区

践行科学发展观,全面建设社会主义新林区就必须要加强生态体系建设,实现生态良好的目标.大力发展林区经济,实现强企富民的目标.抓好林区基础设施建设实现环境优美的目标,进行机制和体制改革,强化科学管理工作,加强企业文化建设促进精神文明建设,强化平安建设工作,构建安定和谐环境.     

资源环境承载力研究范式的分化与比较

研究目的：在自然资本成为可持续发展关键因素的背景下,梳理与审视资源环境承载力的研究范式。研究方 法：文献研究和比较分析。研究结果：（1）资源环境承载力的研究范式可以归纳为限制因子分析、多因素综合分析、生 态足迹分析、净初级生产力的人类占用分析和行星边界分析 5 类;（2）承载力不同范式之间存在递进、重叠和互补等关 系,其中限制因子分析为基础范式,限制因子与多因素综合、生态足迹与净初级生产力的人类占用、行星边界与传统承 载力范式之间均存在互补关系,同时各类范式之间还存在一定的重叠关系;（3）行星边界分析适用于全球生态安全和 可持续性责任划分议题,限制因子分析、生态足迹分析和净初级生产力的人类占用分析适用于国家、区域等大中尺度 资源和生态安全议题,多因素综合分析适用于社会经济协调发展议题。研究结论：上述资源环境承载力研究范式在理 论基础、量化方法和政策价值等方面各有侧重,未来亟需加强对不同范式之间交互关联和融合发展的研究。     

森林资源可持续性宏观调控系统理论（三）

森林资源可持续性宏观调控的目标是由若干既相互联系又具有一定层次的目标构成的目标体系。调控系统的主体是由政府的主要职能管理部门联合其他相关的职能部门共同组成的一个综合管理系统;调控的客体是森林资源的再生产过程。应用自然控制论原理探讨了森林资源可持续性宏观调控的系统优化控制模型。     

森林资源可持续性宏观调控系统理论(一)——内涵及可行性研讨

森林资源可持续性宏观调控是森林资源宏观管理体系的有机组成部份 ,是政府从宏观上谋求将森林导向可持续发展的有力手段 ,从我国林情出发 ,改善和加强森林资源的宏观调控既是必要的 ,也是可能的。     

森林资源可持续性宏观调控系统理论(三)——系统调控机制

森林资源可持续性宏观调控的目标是由若干既相互联系又具有一定层次的目标构成的目标体系。调控系统的主体是由政府的主要职能管理部门联合其他相关的职能部门共同组成的一个综合管理系统 ;调控的客体是森林资源的再生产过程。应用自然控制论原理探讨了森林资源可持续性宏观调控的系统优化控制模型。     

Economic Measures of Sustainability

Sustainable Agriculture is a term that has grown out of global call for sustainable development. Unfortunately, the term has been very widely adopted to represent a variety of initiatives. If the term is to retain any meaning it must be refined and defined. In this paper sustainability was defined as: The maintenance of the net benefits agriculture provides to society for present and future generations. This definition is very much a humanist approach, which includes both consumer and producer surplus. The paper identifies the conflict that may occur between consumer surplus, producer surplus and total economic surplus. From a consumer surplus point of view food security, and discounting are major issues. The compensating variation of a famine may be infinite making food security a primary goal of many nations. The maximization of the net returns from agricultural production represents me producer surplus point view. A second, somewhat related concern is the maintenance of minimum level of income in the agricultural sector. Consumer surplus is threatened by food scarcity, and agricultural income is threatened by surpluses. Price is the best measure we have of scarcity. To discuss sufficiency in the absence of price is very misleading. Similarly, describing sustainability in terms of expected output and prices is also misleading. It is unplanned scarcity and abundance that threatens food security and economic viability respectively. It is therefore, the ability of the agricultural system to respond and rule out extreme price that is central to the issue of sustainability. Given the inelastic nature of the demand the ability for sustainable agriculture may largely be a function of the elasticity of supply. The ability of fixed factors such as land to enter and exit a sector may also augment sustainability. A thirdsource, of economic flexibility is alternative technologies that can be applied at very low or high prices. This flexibility has to be valued not at expected prices but rather for the option values at extreme prices. Government has a role in sustainability. Governments should pursue policies which enhance the elasticity of supply. Policies that stabilize income through prices have the opposite effect. These programs should at a minimum be decoupled. Secondly, governments should spend research dollars on technologies that enhance the elasticity of supply. Finally, land set aside programs, add great deal to the elasticity of supply.     

森林资源可持续性宏观调控模式创新

总结了世界各国现行的森林资源宏观调控模式主要有 :行政管制型、计划主导型和财政主导型等。在此基础上 ,从中国国情出发 ,按照建立市场经济与国家宏观调控相结合的可持续森林资源管理体系的要求 ,提出了建立综合协调互补的新的森林资源宏观调控模式的基本思路     

可持续发展会计初探

可持续发展概念的提出对传统会计的理论与核算内容等方面提出了诸多的挑战。从可持续发展的概念出发，探讨和分析了在可持续发展概念框架下，传统会计所存在的诸多问题。如会计主体假设和成本价值补偿等问题，对建立可持续发展会计对传统会计产生的积极影响进行了充分的论述。     

森林资源可持续性宏观调控系统理论(二)——系统综合分析

森林资源可持续性宏观调控是一个系统工程。本文在应用系统控制论原理对该系统的基本要素进行全面分析的基础上 ,提出了相应的控制系统描述模型 ,并对该系统的稳定性、可控性和可观测性及系统的可靠性进行了初步分析。     

城市化进程中土地持续利用评价指标体系研究

研究目的:建立科学的指标体系,评价城市化进程中土地持续利用实现的程度.研究方法:文献资料法和演绎法.研究结果:城市化进程中土地持续利用的目标可归结为耕地保护、用地结构优化和土地生态优化,可具体从粮食安全、城市体系合理性、城镇用地规模合理性、城镇内部用地合理性以及土地生态系统等几方面进行评价指标体系的构建.研究结论:上述指标体系是科学评价城市化进程中土地持续利用实现程度的工具.