Fighting Heroes, Repair–workers or Collaborators? Strategies of NPOs and Their Consequences

This paper wants to contribute to two questions: Firstly, it analyses why NPOs are gaining importance today. It argues that many NPOs possess a particular integrative potential because of their specific position in society. Secondly, the question of the way in which NPOs excert influence is raised. It is argued, that the form of influence of those NPOs that are oriented towards social change are distinguished according to a typology of cooperation, confrontation, and limitation of damage.     

Management Control Systems in NPOs: An Italian Survey

This paper tries to point out the role and the characteristics of management control systems (MCS) in organisations whose main goal is not for profit (NPO). Are MCS a necessary or (at least) a useful tool to manage these organisations? How have they to fit the typical nature of NPOs? Are the traditional control processes (planning, programming, budgeting, reporting) effective in NPOs? What kind of information do they use? What is the 'state of the art' and the degree of sophistication of MCS in NPOs? To address these issues, a survey has been conducted among 76 Italian NPO top managers, and the results are reported in this paper.     

Accounting for Accountability and Management in NPOs. A Comparative Study of Four Countries: Canada, the United Kingdom, the USA and Spain

Financial and non–financial information are developing issues in the NPO field. Countries such as Canada, the UK, the USA and Spain have recently updated their accounting systems for NPOs through the implementation of full accrual basis to enhance their accountability and the usefulness of accounting information for decision–making purposes. The information provided by accrual accounting will be incomplete until performance indicators are developed. The performance indicators are essential for making budgets, for planning and forecasting, for evaluating the financial needs, for carrying out benchmarking with other NPOs or governmental entities, and for explaining the welfare activities realised to donors.     

When Paradigms Meet: Interacting Perspectives on Evaluation in the Non‐Profit Sector

This study examines a public debate in Australia, arising from a national government report, around how social contribution in the nonprofit sector should be assessed. Guided by several meta‐perspectives on evaluation, we identify connections between foundational assumptions and normative positions on evaluation espoused by non‐profit organizations (NPOs), and examine the ways in which the inter‐paradigmatic context of the non‐profit sector contributes to the emergence of NPOs’ different normative positions on evaluation. We conclude that particular paradigmatic orientations of NPOs (positivism, interpretivism, constructivism) lead to particular perspectives on how NPOs should engage with alternative paradigms (monism, impartial pluralism, radical pluralism).     

Funding implications of normal and excessive profitability in the nonprofit sector

We study nonprofit profitability and its effect on nonprofit external funding. In a sample of over 273 thousand U.S. NPOs during 1999–2019, we find that profitability is associated with greater public support; however, when NPOs are excessively profitable, they receive fewer subsequent donations. We find a similar relationship, but to a smaller degree, between profitability and government funding. We infer that funders desire moderate but not overly high profitability. We also find that donors are more tolerant of normal and excessive profitability for NPOs in the healthcare industry, smaller NPOs, and NPOs with shorter planning horizons. The relationship between profitability and external funding is weaker during recession periods, with funders not penalizing excessively profitable organizations during economic downturns.     

基于三阶段DEA方法的绿色投资效率研究

基于2009-2013年30个省市的数据,运用三阶段DEA方法,在控制外部环境变量和随机因素的基础上,测度各省市绿色投资效率.结果表明:三阶段DEA方法能更客观反映绿色投资效率水平.整体而言,绿色投资效率呈上升态势,但尚未达到前沿面水平,这主要由低下的规模效率引致;分省市而言,各省市绿色投资效率值区域差异显著,分别处于“双高型”“高低型”“低高型”和“双低型”等区间.     

Accountability and not‐for‐profit organisations: Implications for developing international financial reporting standards

This paper provides empirical evidence which informs contemporary debates on developing international financial reporting standards for not‐for‐profit organisations (NPOs). Drawing on a global survey with respondents showing experience of NPO reporting in 179 countries, we explore: practice and beliefs about NPO financial reporting internationally; perceptions of accountability between NPOs and stakeholders; and implications for developing international financial reporting standards. Interpreting our research in the context of accountability, we find considerable support for developing international financial reporting standards for NPOs, recognising broad stewardship accountability to all stakeholders as important, but prioritising accountability upwards to external funders and regulators.     

基于CCR模型的中部地区城市商业银行效率研究——选取三套指标体系的比较分析

本文以中部地区八家城市商业银行、三家上市城市商业银行银行和四家国有银行为样本,运用DEA分析方法中的CCR模型,选取6个指标,对其中的存款和贷款指标投入产出范畴进行调整,形成三套对照指标体系组。DEA分析结果显示：在三类银行中比较发现,中部地区城商行效率改善明显,“吸储”和“放贷”能力较强,但是盈利能力较低。基于前述对比分析,提出中部地区城商行提高效率首先要提高盈利能力,而关键又要引进高素质人才和适当提高非利息收入比重。研究方法上,笔者建议要建立并完善“效率”概念体系,主张借助定量工具以推进银行效率的定性研究。     

Foreign Ownership and Non‐Life Insurer Efficiency in the Japanese Marketplace

Traditional shareholding patterns in Japan have experienced significant change beginning in the early 1990s. Since that time, foreign institutional shareholding has increased significantly largely at the expense of domestic financial institution ownership. This article examines whether these changes in ownership patterns share a relationship with insurer performance in the non‐life insurance market. Using data from 1992 to 2005, we assess performance in terms of efficiency measures using data envelopment analyses (DEA) techniques. Our results show that higher levels of domestic financial institution ownership in Japan are associated with insurer inefficiency. Relative to that relationship, the foreign ownership–insurer efficiency relationship is found to be positive. Additionally, we find that the disparity between those relationships has become more acute since 2001 when the Japanese non‐life insurance market experienced significant consolidation.     

Productivity Growth in UK Accountancy Departments 1989–96

The study investigates productivity change in UK accountancy departments over the period 1989–1996, with this change being decomposed into 'change in efficiency' and 'technical change'. Efficiency change is also decomposed into changes in scale efficiency, output congestion and purely technical efficiency. To empirically assess the relative efficiency of each department, in transforming its monetary budget into teaching and research outputs, DEA techniques are utilized so as to enable comparison with a 'best practice' frontier. In doing this, the results of the 1989, 1992 and 1996 Research Assessment Exercises are incorporated so as to take account of the quality of research output.     

山东科技金融绩效评价——基于主成分分析的DEA研究路径

本文以主成分分析方法进行指标蕴含信息的整合,重新组合一组线性无关的综合性指标,运用数据包络分析方法(DEA)对山东省科技金融投入进行效益评价。研究结果表明,山东省2000—2010年的金融投入重数量、轻质量,重速度、轻基础,呈现出DEA无效状态。基于此,山东省科技金融发展应转变发展方向,走可持续、集约化的发展路径。     

国外非营利组织税收制度介绍

对非营利组织实施减免税是各国政府普遍采取的公共政策,尽管各国的税法细则有所差异,但在税收优惠资格的认定、享受优惠的税种、捐赠减免、税收管理体制等方面有若干基本理念与准则,本文对这些普遍规则加以总结并介绍了各国对非营利组织税收优惠的规定,提出了对我国相关政策改进的建议。     

非营利组织可持续发展的财务约束及其消除

非营利组织的可持续发展是实现全面小康社会的内在要求,但非营利组织生产率增长缓慢,高人力成本导致支出的快速膨胀,这就使非营利组织面临极为不利的财务约束.与政府和企业的合作,以及对市场机制的积极运用,有助于消除非营利组织可持续发展的财务约束.     

中国农村金融资源配置的区域效率评价

本文采用数据包络分析(DEA)方法对全国各地区的农村金融资源配置效率作整体的评价和比较,在此基础上剖析了各地区农村金融资源配置效率的影响因素。分析表明:东部农村金融资源配置效率整体上高于中西部。东部地区缺乏效率源于规模经济效率缺乏,而西部地区的效率低下源于相关规章制度的不健全与管理水平的低下。     

我国社会性基本公共服务财政投入效率评价——基于DEA的分析

我国各省在义务教育、医疗卫生、社会保障方面出现DEA有效、弱DEA有效、非DEA有效的情况并不相同,且在规模收益递增、规模收益不变及规模收益递减三者之间变化的路径也不相同,但从技术效率与纯技术效率来看,省与省之间的技术效率和纯技术效率差距较大,东部地区普遍高于中西部地区,且中西部地区一般低于平均水平。因此,在总体加大财政投入的同时,在基本公共服务供给结构、时间选择等方面应根据效率变化的不同情况采用不同的投入强度。     

EVALUATING THE EFFICIENCY OF NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS: AN APPLICATION OF DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS TO THE PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE

In this paper we have tried to evaluate the usefulness of the DEA model as a management tool when applied to the measurement of the efficiency of health centres. We have chosen the DEA model because it does not need prior specifications. This could be very useful when we lack data on costs. The overall evaluation of a number of health centres provides information on the distinctive features and comparative advantages of the most efficient ones. The information gathered could also be of great use in the selection of those centres in which operational audits should be carried out.     

基于多阶段超效率DEA模型的银行业效率研究

国内现有的银行DEA效率研究文献中基本存在三个问题,一是不同的投入产出变量选择标准导致各研究结果之间缺乏比较的基准,二是单一的效率指标无法反映银行的金融服务特征,三是传统的DEA效率无法对有效率银行进行再排序。本文通过对银行综合效率的合理分解构建了多阶段超效率DEA模型,可以较好地解决这些问题。同时运用该模型对中国银行业效率进行了实证检验,得到比较有价值的研究结论。     

我国商业银行效率DEA测评模型的优化研究

相比一般的DEA模型,超效率DEA模型能够对均处于效率前沿的决策单元进行有效评价,但是该模型无法剔除环境和随机误差因素对效率值的影响,从而无法得到真实的效率值。在超效率DEA模型的基础上,利用随机前沿方法(SFA)进行优化调整,分阶段对我国商业银行效率进行实证分析,结果表明:环境和随机误差因素对商业银行效率具有显著影响,超效率DEA三阶段模型较超效率DEA模型更具合理性,进行规范的股份制改革以及适度的机构规模调整是提升我国商业银行效率的有效途径。     

我国商业银行经营效率及其影响因素研究

品商业银行经营效率是提高其竞争力的关键,如何提高银行经营效率已经成为各方关注的焦点。本文运用数据包络分析（DEA）方法对我国商业银行的效率进行了实证分析,并对效率值作了横向和纵向的比较,发现我国银行间效率存在一定的差异,在此基础上,全方位多角度寻找了一些可能对效率变化产生影响的重要因素,并进一步采用Tobit模型对其进行回归分析,最后针对分析结果给出简要的结论和建议。     

Cost Efficiency in Australian Local Government: A Comparative Analysis of Mathematical Programming anf Econometrical Approaches

A sample of one hundred and seventy-seven New South Wales' local governments is used to compare the data envelopment analysis (DEA) and stochastic frontier approaches to cost efficiency measurement. The results suggest that the choice of reference technology implies different levels of efficiency and rankings for identical samples and thereby has a dramatic influence on the policy implications drawn from frontier cost efficiency measures. Notwithstanding these comments, DEA and stochastic frontiers should be thought of as complementary tools in the analysis of local public sector efficiency. In the first instance, the frontier adheres closely to the notion of best-practice efficiency, whereas in the second it refers to an absolute measure of efficiency. Clear advantages thereby accrue to DEA in identifying benchmark local governments and peer groups for comparison, while the stochastic frontier permits the opportunity for direct comparison with other institutional milieus.