Price discrimination and the location choice of a durable goods monopoly

Delivered pricing by a spatial monopoly amounts to third degree price discrimination. Well known results in spatial economics show that the monopolist location choice is efficient under delivered pricing and generally inefficient under mill pricing. By contrast, the present paper shows that if the monopolist sells a durable good, the location is also inefficient under delivered pricing.     

考虑决策时间顺序的自有品牌渠道策略研究

研究在零售商引入自有品牌的条件下,供应链渠道各成员的定价和广告决策问题。运用Stackelberg博弈模型分析不同的广告和定价决策顺序下,供应链最优决策组合以及决策顺序的改变对利润的影响。研究结果表明:在引入自有品牌的条件下,制造商对定价和广告决策顺序的改变会影响零售商引入自有品牌后的利润,尤其是当交叉弹性较高时,制造商在引入自有品牌前后改变决策顺序可以实现制造商和零售商利润的增加。     

卖方垄断市场结构下的价格管制研究

以价格自由和信息不对称下,垄断厂商的最优销售合同为基准,研究存在价格管制和信息不对称时,垄断厂商的最优销售合同。通过比较价格管制与价格自由两种情况下,垄断厂商最优销售合同及不同类型消费者剩余,发现不同的价格管制不影响垄断厂商的最优销售量和销售客户的决策,但影响不同类型消费者的剩余,产生不同的经济后果。提出政府应根据垄断厂商的定价策略进行相机价格管制的思想。     

When to haggle,when to hold firm? Lessons from the used‐car retail market

Though haggling has been the conventional way for auto retailers to sell cars, the last two decades have witnessed the systematic adoption of no‐haggle prices by many large dealerships, including the largest new‐ and used‐car dealership chains. This paper develops a structural empirical model to estimate sellers' profits under posted price and haggling, and investigates how market conditions affect sellers' optimal pricing formats. The model incorporates a simple class of bargaining mechanisms into a standard random‐coefficient discrete‐choice model. With the extension, the product‐level demand system is estimated using data with only list prices, and the unobserved price discounts are also recovered in the estimation. The counterfactual experiments yield a few interesting findings. First, dealers' adopted pricing formats seem superior to the alternative ones. Second, dealers enjoying larger market power through vertical differentiation and carrying a large number of models are more likely to have posted price as their optimal pricing format.     

会员制两部定价法在酒店行业中的应用

针对目前酒店业常用定价方法的弊端，采用会员制两部定价法的原理，对会费和会员价进行了研究分析，得出了最优会费以及最优会员价的制定。分析发现，将会员制的管理与两部定价法结合起来，能够将统一定价下的消费者剩余转化为生产者剩余，增加酒店收益，提升酒店竞争力。     

物流基础设施网络节点的动态选址研究

物流基础设施网络节点的选址决策是一个长期决策,而随着时间的推移,需求和成本模式会随之变化,那么原来的选址决策就可能不是最优的,这时就需要确定一个随时间变化的选址方案,这个过程就是物流基础设施网络节点的动态选址.本文采用时间序列平滑预测法对需求进行预测,并据此用静态选址模型（重心法）得出结论,再运用动态规划技术,找出一个物流基础设施网络节点动态最优选址-再选址方案,使得计划期内的累积总利润现值最大化,并引入预测准确性因子来提高预测的准确性.     

Dynamic advertising and pricing with constant demand elasticities

In this paper we analyze a stochastic dynamic advertising and pricing model with isoelastic demand. The state space is discrete, time is continuous and the planing horizon is allowed to be finite or infinite. A dynamic version of the Dorfman–Steiner identity will be derived. Explicit expressions of the optimal advertising and pricing policies, of the value function and of the optimal advertising expenditures will be given. The general results will be used to analyze the case of impatient customers. Furthermore, particular time inhomogeneous models and homogeneous ones with and without discounting will be examined. We will study the social efficiency of a monopolist's optimal policies and the consequences of specific subsidies. From a buyer's perspective, our analysis reveals that waiting – when looking at (immediate) expected prices – is never profitable should two or more units be available. But we will also prove that the sequence of average sales prices is monotone decreasing. Moreover, the techniques applied to solve the discrete stochastic advertising and pricing problem will be used to solve a related deterministic control problem with continuous state space.     

再制造补贴下考虑质量水平的闭环供应链定价决策研究

考虑废旧产品的质量水平,研究政府再制造补贴政策和再制造产品接受程度对闭环供应链定价决策的影响,应用斯塔克伯格竞争博弈构建了集中式决策和分散式决策两种定价决策模型,分析政府补贴系数和再制造接受程度对供应链最优决策的作用,并比较两种决策下供应链最优决策的差异。研究表明:集中式决策下的供应链效率高于分散式决策;再制造补贴将会减少再制造产品的销售价格、新产品的市场需求和供应链利润,增加再制造产品的市场需求;提高再制造产品接受程度将会增加再制造产品的市场竞争力,但会挤兑新产品的市场需求;新产品的销售价格始终无变化。最后设计利润协调契约来提高分散决策下供应链的效率。     

Optimal road capacity in the presence of unpriced congestion

This paper studies how the optimal capacity of a road is affected by a pricing constraint which keeps the toll fixed below its optimal value. The answer is found to depend on the value of the price elasticity of travel demand at the second-best optimum. The pricing constraint lowers the optimal capacity, if the price elasticity is sufficiently high. But under reasonable assumptions, the pricing constraint raises the optimal capacity, if the price elasticity is less than the ratio of the consumer price of travel to the private congestion cost at the second-best optimum. This ratio cannot be less than one.     

Social optimal pricing in a spatial market

This paper investigates optimal spatial price patterns derived on the basis of welfare maximization (in terms of consumer surplus plus profit) under alternative spatial pricing policies, including discriminatory, fo.b., and c.i.f. pricing. It shows that under all forms of spatial pricing policies, optimal spatial prices should equate marginal costs of production with the mill price, and that transportation costs incurred are always charged to consumers, even in the case of c.i.f. pricing. In addition, it shows that society never prefers c.i.f. to any other pricing policies, and is always indifferent between discriminatory and Lo.b. pricing. Some additional properties of optimal spatial prices are also presented.     

产品定价的排队博弈分析

产品定价是企业经营决策的重要内容之一,利用排队博弈的方法分析企业定价策略是最近几年发展起来的一种新思想。本文研究了在双寡头竞争的市场条件下,企业产品最优定价的排队博弈模型,分析了产品价格与成本、质量和交易等待成本之间的关系,推导出最优定价策略的纳什均衡解。最后给出了一家企业的产品最优定价实例。     

Effects of scenario-based carbon pricing policies on China's dual climate change mitigation goals: Does policy design matter?

Although the carbon pricing policy is a critical driving factor that will help China achieve economic growth, energy transition, and dual climate change mitigation goals, the kind of carbon pricing policy that will complement the country's current development situation remains controversial. We apply the World Induced Technical Change Hybrid (WITCH) model to explore the heterogeneity and synergy of different carbon pricing policies, and the results indicate that it will be challenging to achieve carbon neutrality before 2060. The study find that the combined policy —a mix of carbon tax and carbon market policies — has the optimal emission reduction effect but comes with the highest economic cost, proving to be unsuitable in the long run. The carbon tax policy is an important transitional means to assist in emission reduction, which can serve as an important supplement to carbon market policy and be phased out after the market mechanism matures.     

Optimal highway design and user welfare under value pricing

This paper investigates the optimal design of highways operated under a form of congestion pricing called value pricing. Value pricing involves dividing a highway into free and priced lanes so that in equilibrium the highway effectively operates at two levels of service, with those users placing a higher value on travel time savings selecting the faster, priced route. A tractable analytical framework is developed which allows analysis of equilibrium and welfare on value priced highways when users vary in their value of time. The model is used to characterize optimal toll and capacity policies, as well as investigate the fiscal implications of value pricing. The analysis concludes with results on how welfare changes induced by value pricing are distributed over the population of users when the government finances any funding shortfall through a non-discriminatory taxing mechanism. A realistic numeric example is used to illustrate how the model can be applied to evaluation of actual and proposed value pricing implementations.     

Macroeconomic policy and the pricing behavior of imperfectly competitive firms

This paper develops theoretical models of the effect of expansionary macroeconomic policy on the pricing behavior of pure monopolist and oligopolist firms. A number of factors are identified which affect the magnitude of the price change chosen by an imperfectly competitive firm in response to macro policy action. The behavior of oligopolistic firms in response to macro policy changes is found to be influenced by the fact that expansionary macro policy initially impacts on industry demand rather than firm demand, and that the oligopolist's consequent pricing behavior will affect the share of the industry demand increase which it is able to appropriate.     

Optimal Two‐part Pricing under Cost Uncertainty

This paper examines the optimal two‐part pricing under cost uncertainty. We consider a risk‐averse monopolistic firm that is subject to a cost shock to its constant marginal cost of production. The firm uses two‐part pricing to sell its output to a continuum of heterogeneous consumers. We show that the global and marginal effects of risk aversion on the firm's optimal two‐part pricing are to raise the unit price and lower the fixed payment. We further show that an increase in the fixed cost of production induces the firm to raise (lower) the unit price and lower (raise) the fixed payment under decreasing (increasing) absolute risk aversion. The firm's optimal two‐part pricing is unaffected by changes in the fixed cost under constant absolute risk aversion. Finally, we show that a mean‐preserving spread increase in cost uncertainty induces the firm to raise the unit price and lower the fixed payment under either decreasing or constant absolute risk aversion. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Optimal plant location and air quality management under indivisibilities and economies of scale

The implications of indivisibilities and economies of scale on the optimal location of industrial plants and on the optimal choice of their pollution abatement technologies under given air quality standards are examined. Various optimization models, accounting for abatement, land development and plant relocation costs, as well as for locational economies of scale, are developed, using the integer and mixed-integer linear programming framework. A method for computing taxes and subsidies leading the system to the optimal pattern of decisions under decentralized decision-making is proposed. Finally, an application of the approach with real data of the Haifa region is implemented, illustrating the utility of the approach for environmental management.     

网络外部性、内生成本差异与企业定价策略

在产品成本内生条件下,通过建立扩展的Hotelling模型,分析网络外部性对企业定价策略的影响,结果显示:当网络外部性强度较低时,企业将选择歧视定价策略,当网络外部性强度较高时,企业将选择单一定价策略;在两种定价策略下,Nash谈判能力强的企业将获得更高的市场份额和利润;社会福利大小由网络外部性强度和企业Nash谈判能力共同决定,与产品定价策略无关,当网络外部性强度较高时,社会福利与企业间Nash谈判能力的差异正相关,反之则负相关。     

B2C领域的收入来源以及价格模式

互联网的技术特征及其由此带来的定价优势。在B2C的经营模式下,产品的定价应在首先确定收入来源、征收对象的基础上,来确定相关的价格模式。以互联网为平台的多种交互式价格形成机制,以经济、方便的特点,使得以客户为中心的营销理念得以真正的实现;同时非交互的定价方式也可以以较低的成本实施动态定价,以兼顾到各种顾客对价格的需求。     

Durable-Goods Monopoly with Endogenous Innovation

While selling an existing product, a durable-goods monopolist may develop a new, improved product. The firm must consider the interaction between its intertemporal pricing and research and development (R&D) decisions. The interactions show a sharp dichotomy depending on pricing regimes. When it is optimal for the firm to continue to sell the old model along with the new model, the interactions disappear. However, when it is optimal for the firm to discontinue the sale of the old model after introducing the new model, the firm will face a time-inconsistency problem in its R&D decision .     

非线性定价下的移动通信需求行为

本文研究多产品移动通信业务以及非线性定价条件下的消费者需求理论,并利用话单层级的用户消费数据,建立离散选择结构计量模型,并对用户资费选择行为与个人属性、资费属性和换网行为之间的关系进行研究,最后利用估计出的需求结构参数,就资费优化对企业收入和用户资费选择概率的影响进行分析。