区域土地综合承载力空间差异评价研究——以四川省为例

根据土地综合承载力的内涵来构建评价的指标体系,运用层次分析法、综合评价法和聚类分析法对四川省土地综合承载力的空间差异进行研究;四川省各城市土地综合承载力的空间差异显著,川中、川东地区高于川西地区,此评价结果与四川省采取的非均衡发展战略部署相符合;在综合评价的基础上,对四川省各城市进行障碍度诊断,发现绝大部分城市面临生态承载的障碍;为了促使四川省土地的可持续利用和区域间的协调发展,建议将土地高承载区的产业向中、低承载区转移,对于不同的土地承载力障碍区应采用不同的土地利用策略。     

湖南省城市辖区土地综合承载力评价

土地综合承载力是反映区域内人地关系的重要指标,它的研究对区域经济发展战略、农业发展战略、资源优化配置及人口政策的制定均有重大的指导意义.在分析城市土地综合承载力内涵的基础上,通过建立指标体系,利用多因素综合评价法对湖南省13个城市辖区土地综合承载力进行评价.并对13个城市的土地综合承载力进行聚类分析,根据聚类分析结果以及土地综合承载力的评价结果,把湖南省城市土地综合承载力分为3个承载级,高承载级:长沙;中等承载级:株洲、湘潭、岳阳、娄底;低承载级:衡阳、永州、常德、郴州、怀化、张家界、邵阳、益阳.并对出现这种分级的原因进行分析.     

长三角城市土地稀缺与土地利用效率的交互影响

研究目的:揭示长三角地区城市土地利用效率与土地稀缺的交互影响。研究方法:数据包络分析法(DEA)、方向性环境距离函数和经济计量分析方法。研究结果:(1)研究时段内,长三角地区城市土地利用效率对土地稀缺具有负向冲击累积作用,但土地利用效率对土地稀缺的预测方差贡献度较小,表明城市土地利用效率提升尚未明显缓解土地稀缺;(2)长三角地区城市土地稀缺对考虑非期望产出的土地利用效率带来长期显著负向冲击,土地稀缺对土地利用效率的预测方差贡献度超过50%,表明城市土地稀缺增加对于考虑非期望产出的土地利用效率具有负向作用,但土地稀缺对传统土地利用效率的影响并不明显。研究结论:长三角地区城市土地稀缺的缓解,既要强化建设用地面积管控,提高土地利用强度,盘活闲置用地,也要重视土地利用过程中环境污染"副产品"的管制。     

黑龙江省城市土地利用绩效评价及其时空变化特征分析

定量分析和评价城市土地利用绩效并确定其空间分布,有助于土地管理的宏观调控和土地资源的优化配置。本文以黑龙江省12个地级市建成区为研究区,从土地利用程度、土地利用效率、土地利用可持续性和土地管理四个方面构建城市土地利用绩效评价指标体系,运用熵权法确定权重,采用多目标综合评价法对2001~2012年黑龙江省12个城市土地利用绩效水平进行分析比较;并以评价结果为样本点,通过聚类分析得出黑龙江省城市土地利用绩效水平的空间分布特征。结果表明:2001~2012年,12个地级市的土地利用绩效水平呈不同变化趋势,总体绩效水平上升,根据评价结果将12个城市分为土地利用高绩效地区、中等绩效地区和低绩效地区三大类;在空间上,城市土地利用绩效水平整体呈现西高东低、南高北低的特征格局,各城市的土地利用绩效水平差距较明显。     

基于SBM模型的土地集约利用碳排放效率分析与低碳优化

研究目的:寻找以碳排放作为成本的适度土地集约利用水平,构建城市土地集约利用的低碳优化策略。研究方法:模型法,对比分析法。研究结果:(1)在空间分布上,东、中部地区具有较高的土地集约利用水平和碳排放效率值;(2)在省际分布上,土地集约利用水平与其碳排放效率值高低并不一致,仅有14%的省份处于高土地集约利用水平和高碳排放效率的理想状态;(3)技术效率不足是造成东、中部地区总效率低下的原因,技术效率不足和规模效率不足是西部地区总效率低下的原因。研究结论:全国29个省份的城市土地集约利用碳排放效率存在差异,需结合东、中、西地区区域城市土地利用与经济发展特点,差别化地构建低碳土地利用优化策略。     

四川省城市土地集约利用宏观评价研究

从土地投入水平、土地利用程度和土地利用效率三个方面,构建了城市土地集约利用宏观评价的指标体系,采用熵值法,分析了四川省17个地级市、14个县级市建设用地集约利用的现状及分异特征,综合评价了四川省城市土地集约利用水平,并提出做好城市长远规划、加大建设资金投入、开展土地整理工作等建议.     

城市土地绿色利用效率测度及其空间分异特征 ——基于284个地级以上城市的实证研究

研究目的:探寻城市土地利用效率的内涵,揭示城市土地利用效率值的空间分异特征。研究方法:SBM模型、泰尔指数、探索性空间数据分析方法。研究结果:2016年全国城市土地绿色利用效率整体偏低,优化提升空间较大;城市土地绿色利用效率值表现出明显的空间分异特征:由东部沿海地区向西北内陆地区递减,其差异主要由省内差异引起;城市土地绿色利用存在显著的空间正相关,空间集聚状态可以分为4种:高值集聚区(东部沿海地区)、高值异质区域(晋蒙、京津冀和东北地区)、低值异质区域(湘鄂以及两广地区)、低值集聚区(陕甘云川贵和中部地区)。研究结论:应将绿色发展理念贯彻到土地利用当中,实现城市土地利用的"经济—生态—社会"的耦合,并因地制宜的采取差别化的管理措施,促进不同区域的城市协同发展。     

石油城市转型期土地集约利用对策研究—以黑龙江省大庆市为例

石油城市经济转型过程中,土地利用处于不断变化和调整时期,采取有效措施促进城市土地集约利用至关重要.文章以黑龙江省大庆市为例,构建了大庆市转型期土地集约利用评价指标体系,综合主、客观赋权,采用多因素综合评价法,对大庆市建成区2002-2006年转型期土地集约利用水平进行定量评价.结果表明:土地投入、土地产出、土地利用效率以及土地可持续利用度对该市土地集约利用程度的影响存在一定的差异,大庆城市土地集约利用水平总体呈逐渐上升趋势,同时存在土地产出能力、土地生态以及接续产业发展的用地需求等问题,因此,应积极采取必要的措施实现城市转型期土地利用模式的根本转变.     

城市土地利用效率评价研究——以北京市为例

以北京市县域尺度为研究对象,从劳动投入、资本投入、经济产出、财税收入、居民收支5个方面构建城市土地利用效率评价指标体系,采取定量模型方法开展了实证评价研究。研究结果表明,北京市18个区县城市土地利用效率存在明显的区域差异,呈现出中心城区较高、近郊区略低、远郊区较低的圈层式特征。城市土地利用效率与区域发展现实条件、城市发展功能定位、建设用地管控强度、低效土地开发强度、城市土地市场发育程度等息息相关。为此,科学编制城市和土地利用规划、创新多元化供地模式、构建科学地土地再开发利用激励和约束机制,应该成为今后政策制定的主要着眼点和落脚点。     

基于灰色关联模型的吉林省土地利用系统健康诊断

研究目的:以土地利用系统"结构—功能—效益"为理论框架,初次建立土地利用系统健康诊断的灰色关联模型,以吉林省9地市(州)为例开展实证研究,定量诊断其土地利用系统健康状况。研究结果:(1)吉林省9地市(州)土地利用系统综合健康指数处于0.729 0~0.880 9之间,中、东部地区整体优于西部地区。(2)中、东部地区中,长春市、吉林市、通化市、延边州的系统综合健康状况为V级健康水平,辽源市、白山市为Ⅳ级亚健康水平。其中,辽源市的系统功能、效益健康指数偏低,白山市的系统结构、效益健康指数偏低。(3)西部地区的系统综合健康状况均为Ⅳ级亚健康水平。其中,四平市、松原市的系统功能健康指数偏低,白城市的系统功能、效益健康指数偏低。(4)为改善研究区土地利用系统健康状况,提出优化土地资源配置提高经济发展基础保障水平,充分结合区域资源优势构建土地利用系统的绿色生态经济体系,建立土地利用系统健康预警系统。该研究可为吉林省人地系统有序化和可持续发展提供理论和实践参考。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.