常温下冠脉搭桥术后护理

目的探讨常温下冠脉搭桥术患者手术后最佳护理措施及临床效果。方法选取我院心外科2010～2012年收治的80例GABG患者,采取精心的护理措施进行术后护理。结果80例患者中,有78例患者痊愈出院,1例患者出现再次心肌梗塞,1例发生脑梗,总有效率97.5%。结论常温下冠脉搭桥术患者手术后用最佳方案给予精心的护理,能加速患者病情的痊愈。     

东亚投资合作亟待深化

投资合作是东亚经济合作必不可缺的重要组成部分,它与贸易合作、金融合作共同形成东亚经济合作的三大基石,投资合作是贸易合作长期发展的必要支撑,相互投资的发展必将有力地推动区内贸易的长期持续发展,而且为金融合作奠定了需求,激励金融合作向前推进.目前,东亚投资合作已经滞后于贸易合作与金融合作,在当前投资合作需要更加迫切、合作条件更加成熟的形势下,亟待东亚各国政府采取更加有力的行动来进一步推动投资合作向前发展.     

企业并购失败率缘何居高不下

由于企业并购可以实现企业超常规发展，因此倍受企业青睐。然而，纵观国内外的并购案例，效果却不令人满意，并购失败率总是居高不下。据统计，我国的企业并购失败率高达90％，其原因错综复杂，但主要有以下几方面：企业并购动机不理智；对目标企业不甚了解；政府行政干预过度；企业并购成本过高、并购支付方式不当；并购后未进行有效整合。     

Dynamics of pollution control when damage is sensitive to the rate of pollution accumulation

Economic models which take into account the long-term effects of pollution in the environment specify pollution damage as a function of the accumulated stock. Several economists have proposed another formulation where damage is a function of the time derivative of the pollution stock. This paper considers the intertemporal efficiency implications of this formulation. The first specification is qualitative and the objective functional includes both the rate of change and the level of the pollution stock. The second specification is a stylized climate change model with a linear damage function where damage depends only on the rate of increase in global temperature. The analysis reveals that the efficiency properties of optimal pollution control are very sensitive to this change in the damage function. Intertemporal efficiency may require higher emissions compared with the level which is optimal from the myopic point of view. An increase in the rate of discount typically reduces the optimal emission level.     

Interest rate expectations and the exchange rate

This paper presents a model of exchange rate reactions to interest rate changes and explains the following complex interactions. An expected interest rate increase induces a current depreciation. If that increase is true in the next period, then the exchange rate appreciates more than the previous depreciation. If the increase is sustained, it leads to a final, though small, depreciation. The model explicitly takes into account capital gains and losses. As far as expectations are concerned, two types of agents are considered (chartist and fundamentalist), and expectations are formed in two different ways (rational and bandwagon effect). Simulations and some empirical evidence for the U.S. dollar support the implications of the model.This paper has benefitted from the comments of the participants at the Forty-Third International Atlantic Economic Conference in London, England, March 11–18, 1997. Financial support from the DGCYT under project PB94-1502 is acknowledged. The comments of the participants at the 1995 American Economic Association Conference on Exchange Rate Determination in Stuttgart, Germany and the 1995 International Symposium on Economic Modeling in Bologna, Italy are also acknowledged. The author is solely responsible for any possible remaining error.     

Why is the corporate tax rate lower than the personal tax rate?: The role of new firms

In many OECD countries, statutory corporate tax rates are lower than personal income tax rates. This tax rate difference is often particularly large for small firms. The present paper argues that a reduction of the corporate tax rate below the personal tax rate is an optimal tax policy if there are problems of asymmetric information between investors and firms in the capital market. The reduction of the corporate tax rate below the personal tax rate encourages equity financing and thus mitigates the excessive use of debt financing induced by asymmetric information. Our main theoretical result stands in marked contrast to the traditional view of corporate taxation and corporate finance theory, according to which there is a tax disadvantage to equity financing. More recent empirical evidence on this issue, however, is in line with our result.     

客房服务课的语言能力培训

旅游行业作为我国的朝阳行业,近些年来得到了迅速的发展。与此同时,作为旅游业的三大支柱行业之一的饭店业在全球范围内得到了突飞猛进的发展。因此,客房服务技巧引起重视,相应地培养高等职业学院技术应用性专门人才成为专业教育的根本任务。深化教学改革是人才培养的保证,而技能课设置模式改革是教学改革的一项非常重要的任务。     

高校资料室建设探讨

藏书建设、服务对象、管理体制等是高校资料室的建设发展所必需的条件,因此,高校资料室作为教学辅助机构,其定位就是为教学和科研服务。通过以上方面的探讨,明确了高校资料室发展的必要性和主要方向,体现了高校资料室对高校教学和科研的发展所起的重要作用。     

The threshold rate of oral atypical anti-psychotic adherence at which paliperidone palmitate is cost saving

Abstract

Objective:

To identify, estimate, and compare ‘real world’ costs and outcomes associated with paliperidone palmitate compared with branded oral atypical anti-psychotics, and to estimate the threshold rate of oral atypical adherence at which paliperidone palmitate is cost saving.

Methods:

Decision analytic modeling techniques developed by Glazer and Ereshefsky have previously been used to estimate the cost-effectiveness of depot haloperidol, LAI risperidone, and, more recently, LAI olanzapine. This study used those same techniques, along with updated comparative published clinical data, to evaluate paliperidone palmitate. Adherence rates were based on strict Medication Event Monitoring System (MEMS) criteria. The evaluation was conducted from the perspective of US healthcare payers.

Results:

Paliperidone palmitate patients had fewer mean annual days of relapse (8.7 days; 6.0 requiring hospitalization, 2.7 not requiring hospitalization vs 17.8 days; 12.4 requiring hospitalization, 5.4 not requiring hospitalization), and lower annual total cost ($20,995) compared to oral atypicals (mean $22,481). Because paliperidone palmitate was both more effective and less costly, it is considered economically dominant. Paliperidone palmitate saved costs when the rate of adherence of oral atypical anti-psychotics was below 44.9% using strict MEMS criteria. Sensitivity analyses showed results were robust to changes in parameter values. For patients receiving 156?mg paliperidone palmitate, the annual incremental cost was $1216 per patient (ICER?=?$191 per day of relapse averted). Inclusion of generic risperidone (market share 18.6%) also resulted in net incremental cost for paliperidone palmitate ($120; ICER?=?$13). Limitations of this evaluation include use of simplifying assumptions, data from multiple sources, and generalizability of results.

Conclusions:

Although uptake of LAIs in the US has not been as rapid as elsewhere, many thought leaders emphasize their importance in optimizing outcomes in patients with adherence problems. The findings of this analysis support the cost-effectiveness of paliperidone palmitate in these patients.     

Revisiting the interest rate–exchange rate nexus: a Markov-switching approach

In this paper the interest rate–exchange rate nexus and the effectiveness of an interest rate defense are investigated empirically. I present a reduced form evidence which characterizes the empirical relationship between interest rates and exchange rates. I use a Markov-switching specification of the nominal exchange rate with time-varying transition probabilities. Empirical evidence from six developing countries: Indonesia, South Korea, the Philippines, Thailand, Mexico, and Turkey indicates that raising nominal interest rates leads to a higher probability of switching to a crisis regime. Thus, the empirical results presented here may support the view that a high interest rate policy is unable to defend the exchange rate. Unlike other studies which consider linear models only, my findings are robust and consistent over different countries and crisis episodes (Asian 1997 crises, Mexico 1994 crisis, and Turkey 1994, 2001 crises). In order to explain the empirical findings, I construct a simple theoretical model by incorporating an interest rate rule in the model proposed by Jeanne and Rose (2002) [Jeanne, O., Rose, A.K., 2002. Noise trading and exchange rate regimes, Quarterly Journal of Economics. 117 (2) 537–569]. The model has multiple equilibria, and under plausible conditions, higher exchange rate volatility is associated with higher interest rates.     

Symmetric versus asymmetric interest rate adjustment mechanisms: The prime rate,below-prime lending and the commercial paper rate

Alternative interest rate adjustment mechanisms are considered to explain variation in the spread between the prime rate and the commercial paper rate and the phenomenon of below-prime lending.     

Estimating the cost of an emergency room visit for migraine headache

SUMMARY

To provide a more comprehensive accounting of direct cost of treating headaches, it is imperative to quantify the cost of emergency room (ER) services specific to treating headaches. Published cost estimates for migraine-specific ER visits are currently not available. This study estimated the cost of treating migraine headaches in the ER from a payer's perspective, using ER discharge data for migraine from the 2000 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS). Costs were estimated using Medicare reimbursement rates. The total cost of an ER visit for migraine headache, defined as the ER visit and all additional services and procedures, was US$238.16. Based on the migraine prevalence of 9% to 27%, the annual estimate for total ER visit costs for migraine headache in the US in 2000 ranged from US$646 million to US$1.94 billion, which is substantial. ER costs for migraine may be much larger then previously estimated.