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1.
“Pay-as-you-drive” (PAYD) concepts for car liability insurances envisage that real driving behavior and situation data are captured and processed via car sensors and tracking systems in order to calculate case-specific insurance rates which better correspond to the risk profiles of policy holders (PH) than conventional tariffs. The present article provides an outline of PAYD insurance variants, of legal arrangements with particular relevance for PAYD offerings in Germany and of the international dissemination of PAYD concepts. It shows that although PAYD offerings of direct insurers (DI) for private customers are not barred by insurmountable technical or legal barriers, they so far have little practical relevance in Germany. Against this background expected PAYD impacts on revenues and costs of DI are discussed in detail in order to analyze the extent to which DIs’ cautious PAYD offering strategies may be qualified as economically reasonable. The investigation suggests that the profitability effects of PAYD insurances of DI targeted at private customers are far from being definitely and clearly positive. Thus, it is very unlikely that DI will make significant investments on their own in order to create a large German residential market for PAYD insurances. Rather such a market will not emerge without accompanying state interventions.  相似文献   

2.
In recent years the Turkish insurance market has exerted a strong appeal, especially for insurers seated in the EU, in view of its exponential growth rates and its dormant growth potential. EU insurers are, however, subject to more stringent insurance supervisory requirements when entering this insurance market, external to the EU, than when expending into other European insurance markets.  相似文献   

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Given actual legislative initiatives in the German Bundestag the question arises as to whether in the interest of patient safety-compulsory liability insurance for producers of medical devices should be implemented. At present, these proposals for reform are incompatible with the constitutionally-guaranteed principles of professional freedom and freedom of contract. Furthermore, it is questionable whether compulsory liability insurance would in fact improve the situation of patients taking into consideration the insurer’s status and possible release from obligation. Should compulsory liability insurance pass constitutional review due to new factual findings in the future, a direct claim against the liability insurer is not advisable. A possible victim compensation fund is not to be financed by the producers or their liability insurers.  相似文献   

5.
Der vorliegende Beitrag zeigt ein Verfahren zur Modellierung dynamischen Stornos im Rahmen eines partiellen internen Modells zur Bestimmung des Solvenzkapitals auf. Dabei wird das Stornoverhalten der Versicherungsnehmer von der Entwicklung des Kapitalmarktes und somit des Fondswertes einer fondsgebundenen Lebensversicherung beeinflusst. Das partielle interne Modell erm?glicht es dem Versicherungsunternehmen stochastische Bewertungen durchzuführen, ohne dabei auf die Vorteile der Standardformel zur Bestimmung des Solvenzkapitalbedarfs zu verzichten. Es konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass die Berücksichtigung dynamischer Stornorisiken unter bestimmten Annahmen erhebliche Auswirkungen auf die H?he des Solvenzkapitalbedarfs haben kann. Eine genaue Untersuchung des tats?chlichen Stornoverhaltens der Versicherungsnehmer erscheint vor dem Hintergrund dieser Ergebnisse notwendig.  相似文献   

6.
Versicherung minderwertiger Leben hat in Dänemark lange stattgefunden. Erstens haben die Lebensversicherungs gesellschaften in Dänemark — wie überall - Personen aufgenommen, deren Gesundheitszustand eine geringere als die normale war. Die hierbei gewöhnlich verwendete Methode bestand darin, dass man der betreffenden Person ein höheres Alter als das wirkliche beilegte. Wenn der Gesundheitszustand eine so schlechte war, dass die Alterserhöhnng mehr als 10 Jahre betragen musste, wenn die Prämie als hinreichend geschätzt werden konnte, wurde der Antrag gewöhnlich abgelehnt. Es war im allgemeinen die Regel, dass die Alterserhöhung auch bei der Berechnung der Prämienreserve und des Rückkaufswerts in Rechnung gebracht wurde. Karenzzeit entweder gewissen Todesursachen gegenüber oder allgemeine Karenz kam natürlich auch vor. Während also die meisten Gesellschaften die schlechteren Risiken ganz ablehnten, konnte jede Person bei der Gesellschaft ?Danmark? cin der sogenannten ?Unterabteilung? eine Versicherung bekommen. Die Prämien wurden nach einer sehr strengen Sterblichkeitstafel ausgerechnet, und für alle Versicherungen galt eine 5- jährige Karenz.  相似文献   

7.
Abstract

Inhalt des bekannten Erneuerungsproblems ist es, bei einer Gesamtheit (Versichertenbestand, Viehherde, Warenlager, etc.) deren Elemente infolge gewisser Ursachen (Todesfall, Unbrauchbar-oder Verkauft werden, etc.) aus der Gesamtheit ausscheiden können, den Neuzugang zu untersuchen, der dazu nötig ist, die Gesamtheit auf konstantem Umfang zu erhalten. Bei diskontinuierlich sich erneuernden Gesamtheiten, wie sie in dieser Note betrachtet werden sollen, vollziehen sich die Wechsel im Bestand immer am Ende einer festen Zeiteinheit (Jahr, Tag, etc.). Das zufallsartige Ausscheiden der Elemente aus der Gesamtheit sei geregelt durch ein als bekannt vorausgesetztes Abbaugesctz. Darunter versteht man ein System von K - 1 Zahlen (1) P 0, P 1, P 2, . . PK;wo P v die Wahrscheinlichkeit für ein der Gesamtheit neu angegliedertes Element ist, ihr mindestens v Zeiteinheiten anzugehören.Diese Wahrscheinlichkeiten können durch überwachungeiner geschlossenen Elementengesamtheit statistisch gewonnen werden. Das Abbrechen des Abbaugesetzes bedeutet, dass kein Element mehr als K Zeiteinheiten der Gesamtheit angehört.  相似文献   

8.
The application of Geoinformationsystems under geological, hydrological and hydrogeological aspects for the risk management is a further development of the geographical underwriting of the insurance industry. The knowledge of the geology, hydrology and hydrogeology is fundamental for the understanding and spatial analysis of insured objects before and during loss events for example with contaminations of the aquifer. Furthermore possible loss scenarios could be prevented or minimized if the subsurface geology and hydrogeology are already known and integrated in the initial insurance appraisal. The modelling and classification of the geoscientific knowledge also enables the definition of Action Zones, which allow a better appraisal and assessment of the insurable objects. This leads to an optimized and transparent premium calculation for both, the insurance and the policyholder (Münchener Rück 2002). The visualization of the geoscientific subsurface information in Geoinformationsystems is simple and economical feasible, it is quick to analyze and combinable with additional information and gives important insights in the subsurface structures. The paper describes a workflow how such Action Zones could be assessed and the additional information for the premium is generated.  相似文献   

9.
Theoretical research examining how to fight insurance fraud is usually based on the assumption that individuals behave purely selfish and maximize expected utility from monetary payoffs. Therefore, this research does not take into account that insurance fraud constitutes an illegal behavior that some individuals never commit, e.g., due to ethical reasons. This article presents experimental findings on factors that influence fraudulent behavior of infrequent offenders. The results show that some subjects never commit fraud in the experiment, although it would have been financially profitable. Deductible contracts lead to an increase of fraudulent behavior. In contrast, information regarding other subjects’ claiming behavior does not have any significant impact on the probability to commit fraud. Therefore, in our experiment social interaction only induces minor changes in behavior.  相似文献   

10.
The contribution discusses the design of guarantee schemes for financial services firms, with a focus on insurance guarantee schemes. It lists reasons that contribute to the development of guarantee schemes, especially stemming from a market failure risk. It further describes the pros and cons of ex-ante and of ex-post premium payments, and sets out arguments for and against risk based premiums of insurance guarantee schemes. The contribution also investigates whether the existence of insurance guarantee schemes might lead to a more risky insurance firm policy. Finally it examines in how far consumer protection based on insurance guarantee schemes prevents consumer protection based on market discipline that should be achieved by the third pillar of Solvency II.  相似文献   

11.
In the present paper we analyse how the estimators from Merz u. Wüthrich (2007) could be generalised to the case of N correlated run-off triangles. The simultaneous view on N correlated subportfolios is motivated by the fact, that in practice a run-off portfolio often has to be divided in subportfolios, so that the homogeneity assumption of the claims reserving method on each subportfolio is satisfied. We derive an explicit formula for the process-variance, the estimation-error and the prediction error made by the forecast for the claims development result with the Chain-Ladder method. We illustrate the results by an example.  相似文献   

12.
The article deals with the conditions under which the provider of guarantees for consumer goods operates an insurance business and therefore needs a permit. This question is of fundamental academic importance as it concerns the limits of insurance. Secondly, it is of practical relevance, as is reflected in court decisions in Germany as well as in other European countries. A comparative analysis supports the following rules: An extension of the statutory warranty offered by the seller or manufacturer is normally to be regarded as ancillary to the purchase agreement, which does not lead to regulatory licensing requirements. By contrast, if a third party offers a guarantee this is to be considered as an insurance business and therefore requires a permit.  相似文献   

13.
German social insurance is to adapt to societal changes and requires reforms if it is not to fail in its protective purpose. The Constitution sets framework conditions for such reforms: It allows for further development and changes in existing structures, yet it also postulates consistency, protects acquired rights and urges existing social security systems to be effective. The legislator may not completely dispense with risk protection. At the same time, the Constitution grants the legislator sufficient scope for action, since he may lay down the type and level of security. However, the Constitution also ensures a certain continuity through the protection of confidence, as drastic restructuring measures may entail great costs with respect to the transition of protected rights.  相似文献   

14.
Abstract

Die Variationsrechnung hat zur Aufgabe, unter den Funktionen F(x), die einer gewissen Klasse C angehören, diejenige zu finden, welche ein Funktional J[F] zum Maximum oder Minimum macht. In der allgemeinen Variationsrechnung enthält die Definition der Klasse C gewöhnlich nur derartige Bedingungen, die erforderlich sind, urn die Existenz von J[F] zu sichern, z. B. Kontinuität oder Differentierbarkeit bis zu einer gewissen Ordnung, und ausserdem eventuell gewisse “Nebenbedingungen” von der Form Jv [F] = cv (v = 0, 1, ..., n).  相似文献   

15.
All over the world an increase in natural catastrophes and resulting damages can be observed for entire economies as well as for individual industrial enterprises. This trend leads to extraordinary expensive traditional natural catastrophe insurance or even a lack of insurance capacities. Due to the increased threat resulting from natural catastrophes and the inefficiencies of traditional insurance solutions, it will be analyzed in the following whether catastrophe bonds (cat bonds), as an alternative risk transfer instrument, should play a role in the risk management portfolio of industrial companies. It will be discussed whether catastrophe bonds are possible risk transfer instruments for industrial companies and whether certain basic prerequisites for a confirmation of the suitability are recognizable. In a further step, the design possibilities for cat bonds will be presented and the most suitable design alternatives for industrial companies as issuers of cat bonds will be elaborated. In addition, a critical comparison between the usage of traditional insurance solutions and cat bonds by industrial companies in order to protect themselves against natural catastrophes will be conducted. The result is a first orientation and a general guideline for dealing with catastrophe bonds as part of the operational risk management for industrial companies.  相似文献   

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18.
Abstract

Bei Individuen die durch Fortpflanzung gleichartige Individuen reproduzieren, ist die Reproduktivität im allgemeinen eine Funktion des Lebensalters des produzierenden Individuums. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden wir für diese Reproduktionsfunktion eine analytische Formel herleiten. Es wird sieh zeigen, dass die sich auf die Entwicklung von Individuengesamtheiten beziehenden Integralgleichungen auf Grund der a priori hergeleiteten Funktion in expliziter Form auflösen lassen, ein Umstand, der sicher besondere Beacbtung verdient.  相似文献   

19.
Along with individual corporate management and regulatory matters for instance within EU regime Solvency II, Internal Risk Models are very important for major general insurance companies. Of crucial importance in building these internal models, is the stochastic modelling of large claims and in particular, the selection and parameterization of suitable probability distributions for the amount and number of claims based on empirical data. To this end, in practice, a visually-based methodology is more appropriate and workable than strict mathematical approaches. Based on a practical case study, this paper provides some insight into a visually-based methodology for internal risk models.  相似文献   

20.
Abstract

Die im folgenden angegebenen Zahlen sind aus dem in dem Sanatorium Takaharju (Finnland) während der 20-jährigen Periode 1903–1923 angesammelten Material hergeleitet worden. Das Sanatorium ist eine Heilanstalt nur für Lungenschwindsüchtige.  相似文献   

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