公共支出绩效管理中的成本效益分析

公共支出绩效管理是公共支出管理中非常重要的一项内容,而成本效益分析方法在公共支出的绩效中是一种广为使用的方法,研究公共支出投入与产出的评估,社会贴现率的计算,公共支出中的风险和不确定性以及公共支出中的再分配因素对成本效益分析方法的运用都有着现实的意义。     

R&D税收激励、知识产权保护与企业的专利产出

文章以中国上市公司微观数据为样本,运用能克服样本自选择性的计量方法估计R&D税收激励的专利效应,并以知识生产函数分析其作用机制.结果表明,与没有获得R&D税收激励的厂商相比,获得R&D税收激励的厂商并不具有更高的专利产出.从作用机制上看,尽管R&D税收激励产生了显著的额外研发支出效应,但该效应并未直接增加企业的专利产出,中国的R&D税收激励面临类似"欧洲悖论"的困境.仅在知识产权保护的调节下,R&D税收激励引致的额外研发支出能间接增加专利产出,知识产权保护缓解了R&D税收激励政策失灵的风险.前述结论通过了稳健性检验.未来,为改善我国R&D税收激励的创新效应,走出"欧洲悖论"困境,需要优化R&D税收激励政策设计和强化知识产权保护的激励功效.     

中国公共支出结构对经济增长影响的实证分析:1978-2004

公共支出总量反映着政府介入经济生活和社会生活的规模与深度,体现了政府的成本支出。但是公共支出对经济增长的影响不仅表现在数量上,而且也体现在结构关系上。作者对中国1978-2004年间相关数据进行的实证检验表明,中国公共支出的产出弹性为正,对经济增长有促进作用。而从公共支出结构对经济增长的影响来看,经济建设支出、社会文教支出、国防支出及其他支出的结构产出弹性为正,行政管理支出结构产出弹性为负。公共支出结构的优化可以促进经济增长,当前在提高公共支出总水平的同时,应注意提高公共支出的效率。     

激励理论在公共支出管理中的应用及有待解决的问题

公共支出过程中存在着多重委托-代理关系,如何激励代理人按照委托人的意愿行事,提高公共资源的配置效率和公共资金的使用效率是改善公共支出管理需要解决的问题.因此有必要在公共支出管理中应用激励理论.但是.应用激励理论必须解决代理人效用函数的设置等问题,而绩效评价可以提供效用函数的一些特征值.同时,公共支出管理中采用绩效评价方法,需要解决绩效评价后如何促使被评价的公共部门提高绩效水平的问题.在公共支出管理中应用激励理论,可以为上述问题找到答案.     

政府生产性支出与中国的实际经济波动

中国过去的宏观经济实践显示出政府对生产性财政支出政策的强烈偏好,在涉及基础设施等公共资本的生产性支出方面更是着意倾斜。本文将政府生产性支出纳入生产函数,构建存在不完全竞争的动态随机一般均衡模型,研究了政府生产性支出对中国经济增长和经济波动所造成的影响。研究表明:(1)利用贝叶斯估计得到的公共资本产出份额大约为10%,同时表明政府支出确实会造成生产的外部性;(2)政府生产性支出冲击是产出波动的重要影响因素,该冲击能解释约23%的总产出波动;(3)政府生产性支出冲击对居民消费和私人投资造成了短期"挤出"效应,长期"挤入"效应,另外该冲击有利于促进经济体系资本持续性积累。     

我国地区税负差异与地区经济差异--一个横截面时间序列方法

本文利用横截面时间序列方法对当前各地区存在的激烈财政竞争和地区间日益扩大的人均产出差距两个背离的现象进行了分析.分析认为,各地致力于降低本地税收成本的财政竞争对改变本地落后的人均产出作用是非常有限的,与税负相比,改变地区本身的区位劣势和初始经济水平更为重要,而改善本地财政支出水平和质量对有效降低税收对本地经济的扭曲意义重大;同时变系数模型的估计结果表明,区域间和同一区域不同地区税收对经济扭曲程度存在显著的差异,这种差异对目前存在的不同区域和同一区域不同地区人均产出水平的较大差异提供了很好的解释,分析认为,着眼于降低本地区税收的扭曲比单纯地降低税收负担更有利于提高中西部地区的人均产出水平.     

我国税收的经济增长效应与社会福利损失分析

税收对经济增长和社会福利的影响是宏观公共财政理论和经济增长理论研究的重点,已经有大量的研究。基于一个包含政府生产性公共支出的内生增长模型,本文以我国1980—2006年的经济为样本经济,通过参数化和数值模拟考察了我国税收的经济增长效应以及社会福利损失的大小。研究发现,在样本经济的参数环境下,我国税收的经济增长效应较小,但税收的社会福利损失较大;适当提高税率有利于促进经济增长,提高社会福利水平。原因是,税收通过公共支出对经济增长直接的促进作用要比其对劳动供给和投资的扭曲更大;税收通过提高消费增长率和休闲水平从而对社会福利有正向影响。本文的政策含义是,在我国当前的经济环境下,通过税收融资可以促进经济增长,提高社会福利水平。     

提升支持自主创新的财税政策有效性研究

财政税收政策对提升我国自主创新能力、调整经济结构与经济增长方式具有重要作用。随着我国科技投入力度的逐步加强及支持自主创新财税激励政策体系的逐步完善,提升现行支持自主创新财税政策的有效性变得日益重要。本文在对国外公共科技支出的绩效评估制度与方法、政府支持创新投资税收优惠政策的公司调查评估法及分析模型等评估自主创新财税政策有效性的方法进行分析的基础上,提出我国要建立财政科技支出绩效综合考评制度,提高资金使用效率;建立税收支出预算,进行支持自主创新税收优惠政策的成本——效益分析;根据各种财税政策的特点,优化政策组合等提升支持自主创新财税政策有效性的对策建议。     

高度警惕收入分配不平等对经济增长的负面影响

1.从政治经济机制的角度来分析不平等对经济增长的损害。因为税前收入分配不平等会导致政府对资源的再分配和政策的再调整(包括以税收等形式的直接再分配、政府公共项目、立法管制)活动,或者富人为阻止政府再分配而进行的院外活动等浪费经济资源的活动,这将使得经济信号发生扭曲,投资减少,最终损害经济增长。2.从社会冲突与产权保护机制角度来分析不平等对经济增长的损害。一般认为不平等会导致穷人从事犯罪、暴乱等破坏性活动,同时富人需要花费资源来保护财产,这加剧了社会不安定从而导致国家法规不稳定,增加了整个社会的不确定性,投资产权…     

公共支出与国民产出--基于瓦格纳定律的实证检验

文章基于瓦格纳定律,利用经验数据考察了我国公共支出与国民产出之间的经济关系,统计分析的结果表明,从1979年到2003年,瓦格纳定律在我国并不成立,即国民产出与公共支出之间不存在单向的因果关系.为了探究其中的原因,文章利用了Chow检验程序和增加变量法对原方程进行了进一步的分析,结论表明数据断裂改变了国民产出与公共支出的因果结构;而滞后变量的引入则进一步揭示出引致公共支出变化的原因,即相对于国民产出的影响,公共支出变化的惯性特征更为重要.     

消费者法治意识：促进还是约束中国FinTech创新*——来自P2P网贷的证据

消费者法治意识是促进还是约束了中国金融科技创新呢？在美英等国纷纷促进本国FinTech创新的背景下，这一问题既是一个理论问题，也是一个事关中国金融全球崛起的现实问题。为此，本文依据挑战/威胁、冷/热系统两大心理学理论，基于2009—2017年中国31个省市区非平衡面板数据，采用差分GMM研究这一问题。结果表明，消费者法治意识水平与FinTech创新数量、质量之间均为倒U型非线性关系，过弱或过强的消费者法治意识均不利于FinTech创新数量、质量的提升。因此，在保护消费者时，应当遵循适度原则。进一步分析发现，消费者法治意识还通过行业自律组织和研究机构建设、信贷缺口，间接影响FinTech创新数量。最后，本文就促进中国FinTech创新提出了相关建议。     

Are property rights enough?Re‐evaluating a big‐bang claim1

We investigate the claim made by proponents of the big‐bang strategy that the establishment of property rights in an economy in transition creates its own demand for the enforcement of laws to protect those rights. Our model contains a government engaging in activities to accomplish objectives that depend on public support for the enforcement of the rule of law and agents who interpret the level of activities of the government as indications of the government's intent to enforce the rule of law. Agents, using the level of government activities as an input to their decisions, choose whether to support the government's objectives. We establish conditions under which the level of activities chosen by the government maximizes its benefits, and simultaneously induces the constituency to support enforcement of the rule of law. These conditions provide a basis for the argument for the implementation of the big‐bang policy. When these conditions do not hold, however, we show that the level of activities that maximizes the government's benefits may have only a minor impact on support for the enforcement of the rule of law. Two characteristics play an important role in these conditions: the initial level of crime and the types of activities the government chooses to undertake. We present examples showing that the initial level of crime has the more dramatic effect on subsequent support for the rule of law.     

消费者法治意识：促进还是约束中国FinTech创新*——来自P2P网贷的证据

消费者法治意识是促进还是约束了中国金融科技创新呢？在美英等国纷纷促进本国FinTech创新的背景下，这一问题既是一个理论问题，也是一个事关中国金融全球崛起的现实问题。为此，本文依据挑战/威胁、冷/热系统两大心理学理论，基于2009—2017年中国31个省市区非平衡面板数据，采用差分GMM研究这一问题。结果表明，消费者法治意识水平与FinTech创新数量、质量之间均为倒U型非线性关系，过弱或过强的消费者法治意识均不利于FinTech创新数量、质量的提升。因此，在保护消费者时，应当遵循适度原则。进一步分析发现，消费者法治意识还通过行业自律组织和研究机构建设、信贷缺口，间接影响FinTech创新数量。最后，本文就促进中国FinTech创新提出了相关建议。     

Corruption,illegal trade and compliance with the Montreal Protocol

This paper studies the effects of corruption, rule of law and tariffs on illegal trade in chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) controlled by the Montreal Protocol. Since data on illegal trade is not available, it is not possible to test any theoretical conclusions about smuggling. The paper, however, attempts to circumvent the problem by developing a model of illegal trade in CFCs that derives predictions about the effects of corruption, rule of law and tariffs on both legal and illegal imports of CFCs. Then the theoretical predictions concerning legal imports are tested using panel data on CFC consumption. Using the estimates of legal imports, inferences about illegal trade are made. The basic findings indicate that knowledge about the degree of rule of law, corruption and the level of tariffs is needed for the correct interpretation of the data on environmental performance reported to international monitoring agencies.     

Islamic constitutionalism and rule of law: a constitutional economics perspective

This study investigates the relationship between Islamic constitutionalism and rule of law. Al Azhar, one of the most respected Sunni religious institutions in the world, developed a model of an Islamic constitution. This study uses Al-Azhar’s constitution as a model of Islamic constitutionalism and examines its stance in regard to the rule of law. We find the Al-Azhar’s constitution to be incompatible with essential concepts of rule of law. For example, the powers vested in the head of the Islamic state are enormous, making the executive branch of government far superior to the legislative and judicial branches. Women and non-Muslims are explicitly discriminated against throughout the constitution. Moreover, laws stemming from this constitution are not stable since many differences exist among schools of Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh). Consequently, we show that state-of-the-art Islamic constitutionalism lacks essential components needed in any constitution based on rule of law.     

Country size and the rule of law: Resuscitating Montesquieu

In this paper, we demonstrate that there is a robust negative relationship between the size of country territory and a measure of the rule of law for a large cross-section of countries. We outline a framework featuring two main reasons for this regularity; firstly that institutional quality often has the character of a local public good that is imperfectly spread across space from the core of the country to the hinterland, and secondly that a large territory usually is accompanied by valuable rents and a lack of openness that both tend to distort property rights institutions. Our empirical analysis further shows some evidence that whether the capital is centrally or peripherally located within the country matters for the average level of rule of law.     

The co‐development of economies and institutions

In this study, we model the Schumpeterian growth theory in a simple discrete‐time framework in which both economies and institutions need to be developed. Individuals need to borrow from an imperfect financial market to develop an economy. A government can adopt two potential strategies for improving the borrowing capacity of individuals and, as a result, enhancing economic performance: ‘the rule of law’ and ‘industrial policies’. We interpret market‐oriented reform in transition economies as a shift from ‘industrial policies’, exemplified at the extreme by the traditional planned economy, to ‘the rule of law’. The presented model shows that both strategies could be the best choice at different stages of development.     

数字社会建设中的科技治理问题及其法治保障路径

数字社会建设是推进社会治理体系与治理能力现代化的应有之义,现阶段我国数字社会建设中科技治理还处于起步阶段。在“回应法治”的要求下,通过归纳推理分析发现：数字社会建设中科技治理体系构建应从监管、主体、权利、权能4个方面提出完善进路。具体来看：在监管层面,应加强法律监管与社会监管共同作用;在主体层面,应构建多元主体协同治理模式,促使社会主体和市场力量积极参与科技治理;在权利层面,应加强数字科技研发中个人数据权利保障,明确个人数据权利属性;在权能层面,应明晰政府部门、科研专家、社会公众等主体权责关系,明确各治理主体之间的行为权限边界。     

Public debt accumulation and fiscal consolidation

In this study, we analyse the relationship between interest rates on government bonds (GB) and the fiscal consolidation rule by using an overlapping generation model with endogenous and stochastic growth settings. Our key findings are summarized as follows. First, contrary to conventional view, we find that interest rates on GB may decline as public debt accumulates relative to private capital. Second, the simulation reveals that the economy may exhibit discrete changes with divergent interest rates, implying that the observed trend of relatively low interest rates on GB with public debt accumulation may not continue indefinitely in the future. Third, fiscal consolidation rule plays a key role in determining equilibrium interest rates.     

社会资本、法治水平对金融发展的影响分析

利用实证数据研究社会资本与法治水平对地区金融发展的影响。结果表明,在不考虑社会资本这一因素时,法治水平的提高对地区金融发展具有一定的促进效应,但这个效应有限,而转型期的社会资本对金融发展具有显著影响:(1)社会资本对地区金融发展具有显著的正效应;(2)社会资本还是对法治水平低下的一种有效替代机制。