市场环境、企业家能力与企业绩效

本文探讨转型期中国民营企业发展中的环境与企业家角色,主要的发现是:(1)以企业家学历刻画的企业家能力的贡献并不显著,表明以往研究中企业家私人活动的作用可能被高估,民营企业发展的“先天不足论”缺乏合理的经验基础;(2)地区市场规模、地方政府行为等市场环境构成因素与民营企业发展绩效之间存在显著的相关关系。本文的研究结论间接支持了韦伯的“只有在拥有了一套恰当的制度安排后企业家才能变得活跃起来”的假说。     

Overseas business costs and firm export performance

Abstract.  The recent microeconomic literature on international trade has highlighted the importance of firm characteristics and trade costs for exports. This study provides evidence on one type of those costs, the costs of doing business overseas, from a theoretical and empirical perspective. Controlling for firm- and industry-level covariates, we find that improvements in the business environment of foreign countries lead to an increase in the export intensity of exporters in the UK manufacturing sector and additional export market entry. Further investigation suggests that important determinants of foreign business costs include factors relating to legal structure, property rights, and business regulation.     

企业战略联盟的市场绩效分析

从产业经济学的角度看,任何一种正式或非正式的经济组织,其市场绩效都存在一定的差异,导致市场绩效降低的企业行为或组织形式必然受到政府的管制。例如,垄断和串谋在市场经济国家都被视为不正当的竞争行为,政府将用法律手段对其进行规制。企业战略联盟作为一种企业间合作组织,它与垄断和串谋究竟有何本质区别?政府是否应该用法律手段进行规制?要回答这些问题,则必须从市场绩效的角度对其进行评价。     

Creating integrated performance systems: the business of the future

Organized around the concept of integrated performance system, suppliers will not sell physical technologies. They will sell the output of physical technologies. They will sell the output of physical systems. Whether that service is meals or heating and cooling, the supplier will have strong incentives to provide the most efficient and effective technological base in order to optimize performance. Integrated performance systems are envolving under a variety of sponsorships. They offer great business opportunities, stimulate technical innovation, increase efficiency in use of energy and resources, and provide customers and customers with much sought-after, high quality, reliable choices.     

Vertical alliance portfolios and the business performance of small technology-based firms

This paper discusses how small technology-based firms (STBFs) effectively manage vertical alliances by choosing proper alliance structures to both manage challenges and pursue higher performance. We consider the main challenges of STBFs’ vertical alliances as opportunistic risk and coordination concern between partners, and derive four types of vertical alliance portfolios with different extents of risk and return based on the relational perspective. We then examine the impact of each portfolio on performance and the moderating effect of STBFs’ age and technological capability. The results show the portfolio focusing on bilateral alliances is not helpful for STBFs, while the others are useful. The portfolio focusing on unilateral alliances promises young firms better performance, while hybrid portfolios of unilateral and bilateral alliances are more helpful for older STBFs. In hybrid portfolios, bilateral alliance in the upstream is beneficial to specific technology-focused firms, while bilateral alliance in the downstream is recommended to STBFs whose technology covers a wider range.     

Entrepreneurs as decisive human resources and business performance for the Lao SMEs

Resource-based view （RBV） has been a very important theory to explain performance in the past decades. Among several types of resources, human resources are known as a critical factor for business success. The present paper has sought to link the human resources and performance based on the concept of RBV focusing on entrepreneurs as decisive human resources. This paper uses a sample of 378 Lao small and medium enterprises （SMEs）. Overall, the findings suggest that the significant factors in explaining performance in Lao SMEs are the education of entrepreneurs, business development services for entrepreneurs and experience of entrepreneurs. Whereas training at starting business and training for entrepreneurs were not supported.     

CSR and financial performance: complementarity between environmental,social and business behaviours

This article analyses the interactions between various dimensions of corporate social responsibility (CSR) that mediate the relationship between CSR and financial performance. We hypothesize that the absence of consensus in the empirical literature on the CSR–financial performance relationship may be explained by the existence of synergies (complementarity) and trade-offs (substitutability) between the different CSR components. We investigate such relationship using a final unbalanced panel sample of 1094 observations (around 300 firms per year) from 15 countries over the 2002–2007 period. Our results show that responsible behaviours towards employees (human resources dimension) and towards customers and suppliers (business behaviour dimension) appear as complementary inputs of financial performance, indicating mutual benefits and less conflict between those stakeholders. Conversely, responsible behaviours towards customers and suppliers and towards the environment appear as substitutable inputs of financial performance, suggesting more conflict between or over-investment towards those stakeholders.     

Building internal business scenarios based on real data from a performance measurement system

This paper presents a new methodology to build internal business scenarios from the data gathered by some key performance indicators (KPIs) defined within a performance measurement system. The application of the principal components analysis technique leads to the identification of latent relationships between KPIs that underlies some important business aspects. Further, this methodology allows to represent not only the temporal evolution of the organisation as a function of these business aspects but also the definition and determination of internal business scenarios, being therefore the source of meaningful managerial information. At the end of the paper, results of a practical application are presented and discussed, as well as their importance for the organisation from a decision making point of view.     

利用油藏地球化学技术监测超稠油油藏开发动态

辽河油区的超稠油油藏十分发育,油藏自身的一些特殊性又增加了其开发与评价的难度.油藏地球化学技术在超稠油油藏的解释与评价方面具有独特的技术优势,根据超稠油油藏特点建立了相应的解释方法(如专家评议法、含油饱和度法、最小二乘法等),将油藏地球化学解释与评价技术应用于超稠油油藏中,经过大量的实践,证实了油藏地球化学技术的优势,取得了良好的勘探开发效果.     

FDI对中国零售市场与企业绩效的影响及对策

零售业作为国民经济的终端产业,在一国经济格局中具有十分特殊的地位。入世后我国零售业面临着外商直接投资(FDI)的冲击,因此有必要系统而又具体地研究零售业开放对我国零售市场乃至整个产业链系统的影响。本文运用产业组织和微观经济学的相关理论,结合计量分析方法,对中国零售业进行了考察,通过对比内、外资进入零售业绩效的差异,以及外资进入制造与零售两个不同行业领域绩效的差异,得出外资企业过度进入我国零售业市场,挤占内资份额和制造业利润,影响我国产业安全,降低消费者福利等结论,并在此基础上提出解决问题的对策建议。     

The role of intermediaries on technological risk management and business development performance in Korea

This paper examines the strategic use of intermediaries by companies to better meet their technology needs from the resource-based theory and network theory perspectives. The results of this study are based on a sample of Korean IT companies and indicate the particular importance of cooperation with government support organizations and public R&D institutions in building relational assets. Intermediaries played a crucial role in enabling and facilitating joint development projects and promoting technology transfer among the companies in general.The results of this study suggest that intermediaries, as they are linked to other organizations within networks and are centrally situated within those networks where information and resource flow, can coordinate and control the exchange of information and resources within networks and enjoy timely and privileged access to such information, giving them the means to expand their strategic social capital.     

Corporate culture, strategic orientation, and business performance: New approaches to modeling complex relationships

This paper introduces the idea of using a complex biochemical model as an alternative method for modeling managerial constructs in order to incorporate change within organizations. To illustrate the potential of using this type of modelling, two well established managerial concepts (strategic orientation and corporate culture) are reviewed and the differences and similarities between the constructs discussed. Traditional simplistic models are presented and the limitations of these for dealing with change within and between organizations are discussed. A more complex model based on enzyme action is presented, and integrated with case study material which allows rich, complex and dynamic modeling including the incorporation of evolutionary and co-evolutionary change within organizations.     

Unrisky business

Both the health insurance industry and its critics agree that reforms are needed to guarantee medical coverage for small businesses and their employees. The question is, how sweeping will the changes be?     

中小企业资本结构与经营绩效关系研究——基于中小企业板的实证分析

以中小企业的佼佼者——在深交所中小企业板上市的公司为对象,研究其资本结构的现状,并从各公司2007年财务报告中选取盈利能力、营运能力等五方面共15个指标,采用主成分分析和线性回归,分析资本结构对其经营绩效的影响。经过分析,15个代表经营绩效的财务指标可以通过五个主成分表示,而且这五个主成分表示的经营绩效与代表资本结构的资产负债率和流动资产比率显著正相关,这说明我国中小企业上市公司资本结构与经营绩效的变动呈同向关系。     

Endogenous business networks

Business networks are a feature of the organizational landscapeof many countries, though they vary in magnitude. This articledevelops a theory of business networks where they are endogenousto the reliability of the legal system. Networks are a substitutefor reliable institutional support that guarantees written contracts.The existence of networks exerts a negative effect on the functioningof the anonymous market. This is because the network absorbshonest individuals, raising the density of dishonest individualsengaged in anonymous market exchange. Since this lowers thepayoff from market exchange, larger networks may be easier toenforce. We find that networks are economically inefficientunless they are relatively large. This is consistent with theview that informal contract enforcement institutions may beinefficient in general equilibrium even though they enhanceefficiency in partial equilibrium.     

Entrepreneurship,entry and performance of new business compared in two growth regimes: East and West Germany

The paper provides an outline of the concept of regional growth regimes and empirically illustrates the relevance of the concept. The empirical examples are entrepreneurship, entry and the performance of new businesses in East and West Germany. The differences of the factors determining the formation of new businesses as well as their development between these two growth regimes are immense and clearly demonstrate the relevance of region specific factors.JEL Classification: O11, O18, P25, R11Michael Fritsch: I amindebted to two anonymous referees for helpful comments on an earlier version and to Pamela Mueller and Antje Weyh for energetic support in preparing the data. Correspondence to Technical University of Freiberg, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Lessingstraße 45, 09596 Freiberg, Germany     

Discussion on the business performance of life insurance industries in Taiwan and Mainland China Application of Metafrontier model

When using the Data Development Analysis method for analyzing the efficiency of different firms, it is common to put all similar DMU together for measurement in order to figure out the efficiency values of various DMU. However, such an analysis may easily neglect the source property of an individual DMU, meaning that the differences among various DMUs derive from different environmental backgrounds, e.g. environment variables such as economic civilization, laws and regulations, and political backgrounds. Applying the Metafrontier model can overcome the barriers resulting from the environment variables, and it can analyze and measure the differences among various DMUs which have different source properties. It can also be used for measuring the difference between each group of DMU and all DMUs. Therefore, this study adopts the DEA method, assuming variable returns to scale to evaluate and comparatively analyze the business performance of life insurance industries in Taiwan and Mainland China based on ＂BBC input orientation＂. When evaluating the business performance, the operating management echelon is affected by uncontrollable external environment variables. Thus, this study applies the Four-Stage Data Envelopment Analysis to discuss the impact of environment variables on business performance and re-measures the business efficiency of life insurance industries in Taiwan and Mainland China after adjusting the input variables. The demonstration period adopted by this study is from 2003 to 2005, and the research subject comprises 43 companies in Taiwan and Mainland China, among which, there are 19 companies in Taiwan and 24 companies in Mainland China, and there are 129 sets of sample data. It is assumed that the discount rate is ？ （）, is set as 3% in this paper）, and figured out the change of each life insurance company in technical efficiency in the inter-period accumulative years from 2003 to 2005.     

The role of top management team diversity in shaping the performance of business model innovation: a threshold effect

Business model innovation is one of the firm’s most important strategic decisions. Top management team (TMT), as the critical decision-makers, has essential influence upon such decisions. However, the role of TMT diversity in shaping the performance of business model innovation is less explored in the literature. Based on a sample dataset of 906 observations of small and medium enterprises from China Startups Stock Market during the period of 2009–2011, we find that TMT diversity exhibits a significant threshold effect on the relationship between business model innovation (in terms of novelty-centred and efficiency-centred business model) and firm performance. More specifically, when TMT functional diversity arrives at a certain level, the positive relationship between novelty-centred business model and firm performance becomes more pronounced. On the other hand, the positive relationship between efficiency-centred business model innovation and firm performance will be more significant when TMT tenure diversity increases to a certain level.