Transport and CO2: Productivity Growth and Carbon Dioxide Emissions in the European Commercial Transport Industry

In the last decades transport activities persistently increased in the EU27 and were strongly coupled to growth in gross domestic product. Like most production processes, they are inevitably linked with the generation of environmentally hazardous by-products, such as CO₂ emissions. This leads to the question of how to promote a sustainable transport sector that meets both environmental protection targets and economic requirements. In this context, the objective of this paper is to compare the CO₂-sensitve productivity development of the European commercial transport industry for the period between 1995 and 2006. We calculate a Malmquist-Luenberger productivity index to investigate the effects of country-specific regulations on productivity and to identify innovative countries. Our results show a high variation in the CO₂-sensitive productivity development and a slight productivity decrease on average. Efficiency losses indicate that the majority of the countries were not able to follow the technological improvements induced by some innovative countries.     

德国CO2捕获和封存技术发展展望

减低温室气体排放,防止气候变化已是全球共同面临的巨大挑战和急迫解决的问题。世界上有约40％的CO2排放源于燃烧化石燃料的发电厂。目前,全球公认的降低CO2排放最有效的方法之一是碳捕获和封存技术（CCS）。CCS是指CO2从工业或相关能源的排放源分离出来,输送到一个封存地点,并且长期与大气隔绝的一个过程。CCS是稳定大气温室气体浓度的减缓行动中的一种选择方案,具有减少整体减缓成本以及增加实现温室气体减排灵活性的潜力,是有效大量去除CO2排放的关键技术。本文介绍了CO2捕获封存技术的基本情况和德国对CCS技术开发和应用制定的相关资助计划、发展规划和实施项目,并对我国CCS技术的发展提出建议。     

股票市场与商业银行的危机管理

中国的股票市场与商业银行体系同属于金融体系,两者是一个水脉的两个湖泊,其关联度极高,都属于高风险的区域行业,无论哪一方发生危机都可能会诱发对方的行业性危机,从而放大危机效应。本文分析了中国股票市场与商业银行危机的关联性,主张商业银行应因势利导,防范与化解商业银行可能发生的危机.     

商业视角下碳捕集与封存技术的研究

二氧化碳捕集与封存（CCS）技术可以减少CO2排放,而成本是CCS商业化的主要障碍。从CCS完全价值链的角度分析了CCS成本的构成,长期、稳定的融资机制是CCS项目实施的主要资金来源,不同的融资机制方式可以加速CCS商业化的进程。相关的利益相关者更关注的是CCS的安全性,完善的风险管理体系可以把风险控制在最低水平。一些国际组织和国家政府都制定了相应的研发规划,并积极地开展了CCS技术的理论、实验、示范及其应用研究。     

The Zonal and Seasonal CO2 Marginal Emissions Factors for the Italian Power Market

Environmental and Resource Economics - This paper estimates the seasonal and zonal $${\mathrm{CO}}_{2}$$ marginal emissions factors (MEFs) from electricity production in the Italian electricity...     

Macroeconomic Impacts of Carbon Capture and Storage in China

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a key technology for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. But a CCS facility consumes vast amounts of energy and capital. With this in mind we analyze macroeconomic consequences of a large scale introduction of CCS in China. We modify and extend the DRC-CGE, a macroeconomic CGE model of the country that is used for long-term planning and policy analyses. We analyze an internal finance scenario of domestic funding, and an external finance scenario of international funding. In the external finance scenario CCS is installed on 70 % of all power plants by 2050. This increases demand for coal in 2050 by one fifth and import of coal by one fourth. The strain on coal resources may be an important political concern for China. In the internal finance scenario coal resources are not strained since this scenario introduces a price on carbon that lifts prices of energy. Moreover, the price on carbon cuts across the board and the internal finance scenario is much more effective at reducing \(\hbox {CO}_{2}\) . On the other hand, in this scenario GDP goes down about 4 %, which also raises political concern.     

Estimation of Minimum Market Threshold for Retail Commercial Sectors

Understanding the ability of a local market to support a particular type of establishment is a prerequisite to designing effective development strategies. While several factors contribute to the vitality of the local retail market, the most fundamental factor is the relative size of the market in terms of potential customers. A commonly applied technique to assess the ability of a community to support various business activities is the estimation of demand threshold using simple count data models. However, due to the presence of excessive zeros in the dependent variable, this study uses Hurdle Poisson and Zero Inflated Poisson (ZIP) count data models and estimates demand threshold for twelve retail commercial sectors for 2,201 counties in the U.S. The results show that the demographic characteristics of the county population and its remoteness are significant factors determining the number of establishments in a county. The results from this study may be used by local economic development practitioners and entrepreneurs to retain, promote, and attract retail commercial businesses in the local communities.     

碳金融:我国商业银行的机遇与挑战

碳金融是金融体系应对气候变化的重要机制创新。自《京都议定书》生效以来,碳交易市场已经发展成为全球最具发展潜力的商品交易市场。对于我国商业银行来说,既要减缓气候变化对经济金融体系的负面效应,又要在适应气候变化中把握机遇,提供管理气候风险的金融产品和服务,最终实现减排目标。本文总结了兴业银行开展碳金融业务的实践经验,分析了我国碳金融市场发展的隐患,提出推动我国商业银行碳金融业务发展的相关对策和建议。     

A Dynamic Analysis of the Market for Wide-Bodied Commercial Aircraft

This paper uses an empirical dynamic oligopoly model of the commercial aircraft industry to analyse industry pricing, industry performance, and optimal industry policy. A novel feature of the model with respect to the previous literature is that entry, exit, prices, and quantities are endogenously determined in Markov perfect equilibrium (MPE). We find that many unusual aspects of the aircraft data, such as high concentration and persistent pricing below static marginal cost, are explained by this model. We also find that the unconstrained MPE is quite efficient from a social perspective, providing only 10% less welfare on average than a social planner would obtain. Finally, we provide simulation evidence that an anti-trust policy in the form of a concentration restriction would be welfare reducing.     

天津碳交易市场的发展现状及建议

中国是一个大的碳排放国,面临着来自国际社会要求强制减排的压力。由于国家碳交易市场发展缺乏政策和技术条件,区域碳交易试点工作正在积极开展。目前己经建立七个区域碳交易试点。文章首先对天津市区域经济概况和二氧化碳排放现状进行分析,再针对天津市碳交易市场规制的理论、碳市场交易主体、排放配额及交易过程等进行分析研究,进而提出天津碳交易市场规制存在的问题,并提出天津的碳交易市场应加强碳排放源的检测,积极培育第三方认证机构认证并加快碳金融市场建设。这对于天津碳市场的成熟稳健发展及与国际碳市场接轨,进而实现碳控排减排的目标具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。     

美国商业信用评级市场评析

文章通过对美国信用评级市场进行总结与分析 ,得出了其发展的部分经验与教训 ,这些经验与教训会对今后我国信用评级业的发展起到一定的借鉴作用。     

北京市森林碳汇市场构建研究

为了积极推进中国的节能减排事业,使中国的经济发展模式向低碳模式转变,阐述了北京市建立森林碳汇市场的必要性和可行性,并进行了问卷调查,通过研究公众对碳汇市场的了解程度和需求程度,提出了构建北京市森林碳汇市场的相关建议。     

中小商业银行的市场定位及发展战略

随着中国金融体制改革步伐的加快以及WTO的成功加入，银行体系开始发生变化，国有商业银行一统天下的局面逐步被打破。跨区域的股份制商业银行和地方性的城市商业银行等中小商业银行迅速崛起。处在国内外大银行夹缝中的中国中小商业银行如何进行准确的市场定位，如何在激烈的竞争中制定适合自己的发展战略，就成为本文需要探讨的重要问题。     

面向市场化的商业银行内部资金转移价格机制

内部资金价格市场化是我国商业银行在向市场经济转型过程中改革的重要目标之一,它的实现,意味着我国商业银行将建立以中央银行利率为基础、以外部资金市场、资本市场利率为中介,由商业银行内部资金供求决定的市场价格体系和形成机制.而内部资金的定价机制则是商业银行根据特定的定价目标,对其金融产品进行具体计算的方法,对于内部资金价格机制选择的正确与否,是关系到商业银行内部资金定价目标能否实现的一个重要因素.     

实施CCS技术的火力发电厂场址选择

将碳捕集与封存(CCS)技术应用于碳排放密集的燃煤电站,是中国实现中长期减排目标的主要途径.在大规模应用CCS技术前,必须完成对实施CCS技术的大型火力发电厂场址选择.文章探讨了火力发电厂的选址标准及综合评价方法,并分析了在实施CCS下火力发电厂选址需要考虑的问题.通过对河北11个地市级行政区进行定性分析,发现张家口、邢台、邯郸可以优先考虑新建实施CO2捕集的大型火力发电厂,起到示范作用.     

中国低碳电力技术减排潜力及减排成本分析

利用技术经济学方法测算了中国核电及可再生能源等低碳电力技术的二氧化碳减排潜力和减排成本。研究结果表明,2020年低碳电力技术的累计装机容量将超过6×108 kw,年发电量达到2.3×1012 kwh时,占全国电力消费总量的30%左右,可替代煤炭6.6×108 tec,从而避免近20×108 t的CO2排放。但除水电、核电外,大部分低碳电力技术的减排成本处于200~700 CNY/t CO2的较高水平,为低碳电力技术的示范推广及大规模应用带来经济障碍。因此,政府应制定合理的电力发展政策和规划,尽快降低可再生电力技术的发电成本、解除不稳定电力大规模并网的技术障碍,从而促进低碳电力技术的快速、健康发展。     

国际碳金融市场发展对我国的启示及借鉴

碳金融市场的发展为控制温室气体排放提供了市场化的手段,同时也促进了金融交易的拓展与金融产业的升级。介绍了国际碳金融市场的市场结构、发展现状及主要经验,认为我国应该借鉴国际碳金融市场发展的经验,从健全法律法规、完善碳交易制度、培育碳金融服务中介、建立碳金融产品体系等方面入手构建我国的碳金融市场。     

上市后国有商业银行的发展

国有商业银行上市是目前讨论的热点话题 ,但上市后究竟如何发展 ,却又是一个新问题。本文从扩充资本金、贯彻差异化战略、向全能型银行过渡、发展零售金融业务、进行金融创新、营造良好的控制环境、风险评估及会计信息的完整性等方面讨论了这个问题。